132 Reviews—H. B. Medlicott’s and W. T. Blanford’s 
group in Europe is comparatively small. Some Dama&da plants are 
certainly allied to species found in Carboniferous, Permian, Triassic, 
and Jurassic beds, and perhaps the most marked connexion is with 
the Lower Oolites ; indeed, the resemblance of a few plants in this 
case led to both the Damida beds and the Australian being for a 
long time classed as Jurassic” (p. xxxiil). ‘‘ However, there is a 
much closer alliance between the plants of the Lower Oolites and 
those of the uppermost Gondwana flora, and the latter is divided 
by an immense thicknéss of beds and several successive floras from 
the Damudas.” 
The Fauna of the Upper Gondwana beds points strongly to a con- 
nexion with the South African Karoo beds by the presence, in the 
Maneli beds, of a Labyrinthodont closely allied to a Karoo type, and 
by the occurrence in the Panchet group, the uppermost of the Lower 
Gondwanas, of Dicynodont reptiles. ‘The two Panchet Labyrintho- 
donts are most nearly related to Huropean Triassic species. The 
Panchet flora, consisting of four species, shows two European Rheetic 
forms, the others being allied to Rheetic forms. 
The Rajmahal (Upper Gondwana) flora is most nearly allied to 
the Rheetic, but is very peculiar, and differs much from any European 
flora. The Cutch and Jabalpur flora is Lower Oolitic in its own 
affinity, but overlies in Cutch marine strata of uppermost Jurassic 
age; while the fish-remains of the Kota Maleri beds, which, accord- 
ing to the plant-remains they contain, are intermediate between 
Rajmahal and Jabalpur, are themselves of distinctly Liassic affinities, 
and are associated with teeth of Ceratodus and remains of two 
characteristically Triassic reptiles, Hyperodapedon and Parasuchus 
It is, unfortunately, not possible to reproduce here all Mr. Blanford’s 
arguments, but he arrives satisfactorily at the conclusion that India 
was united with Australia by land during the Lower Gondwana 
epoch, but not with Europe, the union with which took place later on; 
hence Lower Gondwana types found in Huropean rocks occur at a 
later period. “Above the Lower Gondwanas the evidence of con- 
nexion with Australia is faint, and where any exists, it is perhaps on 
the whole in favour of a passage from India towards Australia.” 
The climates of India and South Africa also show evidences of 
similar condition, during the Lower Gondwana epoch, as both in the 
Talchir group and the Karoo series are beds of apparently glacial 
origin. These are interesting from their relative proximity in 
geological time to the Permian breccias of England, which are also 
supposed to be of glacial origin, and ‘‘combine to suggest the 
possibility of recurrent epochs of diminished temperature having 
taken place at intervals in the earth’s history, and of one of these 
intervals having coincided with the Permian epoch.’’ 
The Gondwana series has been treated at very considerable length 
by Mr. Blanford, who has devoted no less than six long chapters to 
the full discussion of the facts and theories concerning the great 
plant-bearing series. 
The age of the marine Jurassics on the east coast of the Penin- 
sula has not yet been determined, except in one case in the Tripetty 
