226 Dr. T. C. Winkler—The Drift Deposits of the Netherlands. 
In the open ground which extends between the top of Glen 
Docherty and the western edge of Ben Fin, the old floor is traced 
with some difficulty ; but on reaching the latter point, it is seen with 
all the usual characters recognizable in the more western areas. 
(To be concluded in our next Number.) 
NOLrLCHS O27 IM EM@AE Ss 
ConstDiRATIONS GHOLOGIQUES SUR L’ORIGINE DU Zanp-DrLuvi0m, 
pu SaBLe Camprnren ET DES Dunes Maritimes pes Pays Bas. 
Par Dr. T. C. Winxtzr. Extrait des Archives du Musée Teyler, 
tome vy. (Haarlem, 1878.) 
N the above paper on the drift deposits of the Netherlands, Dr. 
T. C. Winkler treats of the origin of the Drift sand, Campinien 
sand, and Maritime dunes of the Pays-Bas. These deposits had 
been previously described and divided, by Dr. Staring, in 1853, as 
the drifts (diluvium) of the Meuse and the Rhine, the northern drift, 
and that of Munsterland. Again, in 1860, the same author classed 
them in three categories, the sandy drift (zand-diluvium), gravelly 
drift (grint-diluvium), and loess. Subsequent researches and con- 
siderations by Dr. Winkler have led him to modify the views of 
Dr. Staring, and he proposes the following divisions for the diluvial 
deposits of the Netherlands: the northern, eastern, southern, mixed 
(entremélé) and remanié drifts. The reasons for these subdivisions, 
and their lithological characters, are fully explained in the memoir, 
as also the nature and distribution of the maritime dunes. From 
the facts stated, and the reasonings based upon them, Dr. Winkler 
considers he has shown :— 
1. That the zand-diluvium of Staring cught to be termed the 
remanié drift, and that it was not formed, as Staring said, by the 
action of rain and frost, nor as Godwin-Austen said, by the action of 
wind, but by the effects of the sea. 
2. That the remanié drift of the Netherlands is analogous to the 
Campinien sand of Dumont, in Belgium. 
3. That the southern drift of the Netherlands is analogous to the 
flinty drift of Dewalque, to the silew et cailloux of Dumont, to the 
Campinien sand with rolled flints of Omalius d’Halloy, to the lower 
stage of the Quaternary period, the rolled flints and gravelly sand, of 
Dupont. 
4, That the deposits of the Campine ought not to be considered 
as being simply composed of sand with pebbles, and sand without 
pebbles, but that these two stages ought to be separated according 
to their very different origin; the one, lower, coming from the 
Ardennes and the Condroz by means of rivers; the other, superior, 
being a marine formation, derived from older drift deposits by the 
action of the sea. 
5. That the Campinien sand is posterior to the Hesbayen clay. 
6. That the sand which constitutes the maritime dunes is identical 
with the Campinien sand of Belgium, and to the remanié drift of the 
Pays-Bas. 
