234 Reports and Proceedings— 
or sandy part of this material has an extensive spread in South- 
west Norfolk, forming thick beds; and in a thinner form spreads 
over North-west Suffolk, where it wraps the denuded edges of the 
Hoxne and Brandon paleolithic brickearths. 
In Stage V. he traced the line of gravels that overlie the Chalky 
Clay where this clay entered the sea. This entry to the sea over 
‘the Severn drainage-system took place by way of the watershed 
between the Welland and Avon, and by the valley of the latter. 
Its entry into the sea over the Thames system was by way of the 
watershed between this system and that of the great Ouse in South 
Bucks, as well as by the valley of the Colne, Lea, and Roding, and 
over the lower part of the watershed in South-east Essex. Its 
entry into the North Sea was by the valleys of the Blackwater, 
Gipping, and other Essex and Suffolk valleys, the entry by the Yare 
and Waveney being far out beyond the present coast-line. He also 
traced, by similar evidence, the extent to which the sea entered the 
Trent system after the ice vacated it. This line of gravel (after 
allowing for the case that the level of the junction of the gravel 
beneath the clay represents that of the sea-bottom, while that over 
the clay more nearly represents that of the sea-top), he showed to 
correspond with that of the junction of the gravel beneath the clay 
so far as this is not destroyed in the parts where the ice did not 
shrink into the valleys; and it also agrees with this line, sup- 
plemented by the amount of rise in the interval where the ice did 
so shrink. Along the south-western edge of the clay this line of 
gravel, subsequent to the clay, falls from near 400 feet in Bucks to 
150 feet in South Essex; from whence northwards along the south- 
eastern edge it falls uniformly to Ordnance datum in central Hast 
Suffolk, and probably continued to fall to 100 feet or so below this 
at the extreme point where the ice from the Yare valley entered the 
North Sea far beyond. the present coast. Along the north-western 
edge of the formation this line falls northwards in a corresponding 
way to that on the south-eastern edge, save that, starting there from 
near 390 feet, it does not fall below, if even quite down to Ordnance 
datum near the Wash. He then traced the extent to which the sea 
on the west, deepening in that direction in accordance with the 
original depression of Stage II.,/ entered the valleys of the area 
covered by theice of the Chalky Clay as this vacated it; the carrying 
out through the Welland and Avon valleys of the red and white 
chalk spoil of the Bain-Steeping trough, and its deposition in the 
Cotteswold gravel up to a high level, coming from the Avon system 
over the Gloucestershire water-parting into the valley of the Even- 
lode, a part of the Thames system. 
All river-gravels north of the point where the line of gravel over 
the clay sinks below Ordnance datum, he regards as concealed below 
the alluvium, and at depths proportional to the fall of that line. 
Examining in detail the grounds for the contrary opinion heretofore 
held by himself and by geologists in general, that the great sub- 
mergence succeeded the principal glaciation of England, be rejected 
that opinion ; and no longer regarding the basement clay of Hol- 
