314 A. B. Wynne—Paleozoic Rocks of the N. Punjab. 
of this mountainous region. Both reappear in Kashmir, and it is on 
record that supposed Silurian fossils have been found in the country 
towards the Khyber Pass, in the direction of Afghanistan. Carbo- 
niferous fossils have also been recorded as occurring in the boulders 
of the Kurram and other rivers flowing from that country into the 
Punjab. Hence it would appear likely that the mountains of the 
Safed Koh range and northern part of the Saliman chain contain 
recognizable representatives of these old formations. 
As if linking these western rocks with the Himalayan Paleozoic 
regions, there is the well-known large Carboniferous exposure of the 
West Salt Range; while beds referred by competent paleeontological 
authority to the Silurian are found in eastern parts of the same 
range. This range itself subtends the angular embayment of the 
Upper Punjab plateaux among the lofty mountains supporting the 
higher regions of Central and Western Asia. 
But northwards from the Salt Range no representatives of the 
Carboniferous or Silurian rocks have hitherto been satisfactorily 
or definitely recognized among the frontier hills, either by 
paleontological or lithological evidence. There are two or three 
unfossiliferous groups in this region supposed to be of Palzozoic 
age; amongst these, if Carboniferous and Silurian representatives 
are present, the fact as yet can only be guessed. 
It should be noticed that the occurrence of Silurian rocks in 
Kashmir is assumed only, rather than proved by local fossil evidence, 
and that the facts as to the existence of beds with Silurian fossils 
about the Khyber mountains (eastern end of the Safed Koh) are 
very hazy now; they seem, however, to have been better known to 
Indian geologists, unfortunately no longer living. 
The Carboniferous rocks of Kashmir were supposed by 
Liydekker to have been deposited in isolated areas, as if the 
deposits of the period were limited laterally, and this formation has 
been found only in the Western Salt Range sections. These facts 
as to partial distribution have an important bearing upon the iden- 
tification of Silurian and Carboniferous groups in the northern 
frontier regions of the Punjab. 
The structural features of the most accessible portion of the last- 
named region, in the district of Hazara, point to the arrangement of 
the rocks in the following order. It appears paradoxical, but until 
explained in some rational way there is no reason that I know of 
to question the accuracy of observations showing the succession as 
here presented, the most highly metamorphosed rocks uppermost :— 
Metamorphic. 4. Gneiss, Quartzite, Schist, Traps. 
xs a 3. Schists, Traps. 
Tanol group. 2. Quartzites, Slates, Dolomites, &c. Infra-Trias. 
UNcoNFORMITY. 
Attock Slates. 1. Slates of various colours, fine grits. Limestones, Dolomites, &e. 
Southwards of a certain line the succession differs, No. 2 is absent 
or barely represented, or replaced by thick siliceous dolomites of 
no great lateral range, overlaid by Trias-Jura limestones, Jurassic 
shales, a meagre Cretaceous representative in places, and the whole 
