304 J. J. Harris Teali—Effect of Earth-Movements. 
the author discusses the ages of two great series of earth move- 
ments which have affected the Carboniferous rocks. With regard 
to the first of these he points out that the Permian rocks, consisting 
of red sandstones and magnesian limestones, rest on the denuded 
edges of the Millstone-grit near the south-western termination of the 
Pendle Range; thus proving beyond a doubt that the disturbances 
to which the anticlinal and synciinal axes of the Pendle District are 
due took place before the Permian period. He further points out 
that even in the absence of such direct evidence as that which is 
furnished by the superposition of Permian rocks on Lower Carbon- 
iferous deposits, we could still infer with certainty the Pre-Permian 
date of the movements in question ; for the uprising of Millstone-grit 
and Yoredale rocks on the northern side of the Yorkshire Coal- 
basin is undoubtedly due to an extension of the movements which 
produced the anticlinal and synclinal of the Lancashire District 
towards the east. The Permian rocks, however, consisting of 
red sandstones, marls, and magnesian limestones, have not been 
affected by these movements, for, as may be seen by a glance at 
the geological map, they rest unconformably on the edges of the 
Carboniferous rocks striking N: and §., whereas these latter strike 
nearly E. and W. There cannot then be a shadow of a doubt that 
the E. and W. axes of Lancashire belong to the period intervening 
between the Carboniferous and Permian. ‘The geological map 
shows also that many other districts have been affected by move- 
ments along HE. and W. axes; and, since parallelism is to a certain 
extent evidence of contemporaneity, many of these probably belong 
to the same period of disturbances. Thus in 8. Wales we notice 
the H. and W. strike of the Carboniferous rocks. In the Mendips 
the axis runs E. and W., and, again, over the whole of Devon and 
Cornwall, we notice a prevailing E. and W. strike. Tracing the 
Devonian and Carboniferous rocks towards the east, we find that 
they disappear under the Mesozoic formations which rest upon them 
unconformably ; still we have reason to believe that the H. and W. 
strike is continued ; for, at a depth of a thousand feet under London, 
Devonian rocks have recently been obtained, and in France, in the 
Ardennes, they again emerge from beneath the Secondary formations. 
Passing west instead of east, from the district of Devon and Cornwall, 
we find in the South of Ireland rocks which represent the Carbon- 
iferous, Old Red Sandstone, and possibly the Devonian formations 
striking E. and W., or rather slightly 8. of E. and N. of W. In the 
district of Killarney the arrangement of the rocks in question has 
been carefully observed, and is well represented in the Survey 
Section drawn N. and 8. From these facts then we conclude that 
the district over which Carboniferous rocks had accumulated to 
such a great extent was at the close ef that period subjected to 
lateral pressure from the N. and S., or from N.N.W. and §8.58.E., and 
that as a consequence of this pressure the surface of our country 
became puckered up along lines running E.N.E. and W.S.W. It 
was during this period that the Pendle Hills of Lancashire, the 
Mendip Hills of Somersetshire, the Mountains of Kerry, and in all 
probability the Carmarthenshire Vans became stretched out. 
