J. J. Harris Teall—Effect of Earth-Movements. 355 
We have now to consider another series of earth movements, about 
the age of which there is some difference of opinion. I refer to the 
N. and 8. movements that have affected Carboniferous rocks, and of 
which the Pennine Anticlinal may be taken as a type. In the paper 
above quoted Prof. Hull discusses their age, and arrives at the con- 
clusion that it was Post-Permian and Pre-Triassic. Now for a long 
time, ever since I became acquainted with Nottingham in fact, I 
have been of opinion that Prof. Hull is wrong on this point. I pro- 
pose briefly to discuss the evidence which Prof. Hull offers in 
support of his view, and then to call attention to facts which 
convince me that he is wrong. To Mr. Wilson belongs the credit of 
first pointing out the error in the date of these N. and 8S. movements 
(see Q.J.G.S. vol. 1876, page 76). The axis of the Pennine Chain 
is marked by a fault, which Prof. Hull calls the “ Anticlinal Fault,” 
on account of the strata dipping away from it on either side; this 
fault may be traced for a distance of fifty miles or more in a N. and 
8. direction, from Colne to Leek. Near this latter place it passes 
beneath Triassic rocks without fracturing them, thus proving that it 
was Pre-Triassic. Running parallel with this fault are several 
others in all probability of the same age; one of these, the so-called 
Red Rock Fault, forms the boundary between the Coal-measures and 
the later formations from Bredbury and Poynton southward for 
several miles. At one point this fault affects the Permian sandstones, 
and thus is proved to be Post-Permian. From this Prof. Hull con- 
cludes that the Pennine Anticlinal was first stretched out in Post- 
Permian and Pre-Triassic times. Prof. Hull next proceeds to 
consider an objection to the Pre-Triassic age of the Red Rock Fault. 
Near Macclesfield and Congleton this fault affects Triassic rocks, 
thus apparently showing that the fault is of later date than the 
Triassic formation. This objection is answered by the supposition 
that there were two series of earth movements along the same lines, 
one before the Triassic rocks were formed, and another after, and 
certainly nothing can be more probable than this, especially when 
we remember that at a point near Leek the anticlinal fault passes 
under but does not dislocate Triassic rocks. That is the evidence on 
which the Post-Permian and Pre-Triassic date of the Pennine axis is 
based. Now there is one consideration which to my mind com- 
pletely destroys the value of the evidence; in order to explain the 
_ facts observed with reference to the Red Rock and Anticlinal Faults, 
two series of movements along the same lines have to be assumed ; 
but if two movements took place, why not three? And why may 
not the first of these have been Pre-Permian? The evidence is not 
conclusive until it can be shown that N. and S. movements did not take 
place until after the Permian period, and no attempt is made to prove 
this. 
From a discussion of the evidence as advanced in the above- 
mentioned paper, let us pass to the consideration of some additional 
facts which prove, beyond the shadow of a doubt, that north and 
south movements did affect the Carboniferous rocks before Permian 
times. The eastern side of the exposed portion of the Nottingham- 
shire and Yorkshire Coal-basin is bounded by the Magnesian Lime- 
