306 J. J. Harris Teall—Effect of Earth-Movements. 
stone (Permian) formation which rests unconformably upon the 
Carboniferous rocks along the whole line. Moreover, the strike of 
the Carboniferous rocks beneath the Permian formations is the same 
as that in the exposed portion of the Coal-field, that is, approximately 
N. and §. . These relations are admirably exhibited in the neighbour- 
hood of Nottingham, and they are well known to be true of regions 
north of Nottingham by all mining engineers and others who have 
specially studied the structure of the district. Now the N. and 8. 
strike of the Carboniferous rocks both on the east and west side of 
the Pennine axis must have been determined by N. and 8. movements ; 
and since this strike is continued beneath the Permian formations, it 
is clear that the cause which determined it must have acted before 
that period. Ihave no hesitation, then, in asserting that Mr. Wilson 
is right when he says, that “the lapse of time which is represented by 
the unconformability between the Carboniferous and Permian was 
accompanied by the elevation and folding of the strata, not only 
along east and west (e.g. Pendle and Cheshire anticlinals), but also 
north and south (e.g. Pennine) axes, and by the sketching out of the ~ 
great Coal-basins by denudation.” To sum up, we find that at the 
close of the Carboniferous and before the Permian period two great 
series of earth movements affected Carboniferous strata, the one 
series acting nearly in an E. and W. direction, the other nearly 
N. and §.; which was the earlier series I do not know. The 
intersection of the axes due to these two series of movements 
has evidently given rise to the basin-shaped form of our Coal- 
fields, in the manner so admirably pointed out by Professor Hull. 
From the Permian to the close of the Eocene we have an immense 
period of time, during which no movements of the kind I am now 
speaking about appear to have taken place in our area. Numerous 
elevations and depressions undoubtedly occurred, but nothing like 
the puckering and crumpling of a great thickness of stratified 
deposit. Some time after the close of the Hocene period, however, — 
we find that the South of England was subjected to forces which 
rolled the Cretaceous and Eocene rocks along axes running E. and 
W. and gave rise to the anticlinal arrangement of the rocks in the 
Wealden district as well as the nearly vertical position of homo- 
taxial deposits in the Isles of Wight and Purbeck. These movements 
have an interest for us even greater than their magnitude would 
indicate, for they appear to have been contemporaneous with the 
breaking up of the vast geosynclinal in Central Europe which 
resulted in the formation of the Alpine system of mountains; they 
are the ripples, so to speak, which have extended from this great 
centre of disturbance. 
We have now considered the various movements which have 
resulted in the crumpling, contortion and metamorphosis of our 
British stratified deposits. They may be classified as follows: 
(1) Pre-Cambrian N.W. and 8.EH. 
(2) Pre-Silurian N.E. and 8.W. 
(8) Pre-Permian . a. E.N.E.,and W.S.W. 
b. N. and 8. 
(4) Pre-Pliocene E. and W. 
