H. H. Howorth—The Mammoth in Siberia. 491 
enormous thickness found with scarcely a trace of any beds heaped 
up by marine life at this period, either in the American or European 
areas, as may be seen by reference to the table, show conclusively 
that an additional force must have been at work. In some places, 
also, the sediments were heaped up so rapidly that during a depres- 
sion of several thousand feet the rate seems only to have kept pace 
with the accumulations, and shoal conditions continued to prevail 
during the whole time.” Probably glacial phenomena were re- 
stricted at this time to the higher lands in the higher latitudes, but 
there was nothing in the prevailing climatal conditions, certainly 
in later Pre-Cambrian times, to prevent the phenomena being then, 
as now, natural to certain elevations. The abundance of life in the 
Cambrian seas is sufficient evidence of this. 
We have, therefore, to carry the mind into far earlier epochs ere 
we can expect to recognize evidences of very different conditions 
to those which now prevail. At present we know of no indications 
of life in the Pebidian, or last Pre-Cambrian epoch, but as most of 
the strata of that period are of volcanic origin, this is not to be 
much wondered at. Again there were but small marine areas in 
the regions now accessible to us for examination. 
That glacial phenomena did prevail, therefore, at so early a period 
seems tolerably clear, and moreover, “That it was a cold epoch is 
evident from the fact that the Pre-Cambrian continents occupied 
very extensive areas in the higher latitudes, and that they were 
traversed by mountainous ranges, attaining in some cases to great 
heights. At no time since, unless in the Glacial Period, does there 
seem to have been so much land in the higher latitudes, and it is, 
therefore, reasonable to suppose that in the earlier stages, at least, 
of the epoch (Cambrian) the climate was one of extreme cold.” ? 
The conclusions which I think are to be derived from the fore- 
going are that volcanic action has diminished probably even since 
Palzeozoic times, and certainly since pre-Cambrian times; but that 
glacial phenomena have prevailed since at least later pre-Cam- 
brian times in proportion as the geographical changes have been 
favourable or otherwise. 
Tll.—Tue Mammora in SIBERIA. 
By Henry H. Howorrtn, F.S.A. 
N a previous” paper we have considered some of the legends 
which are current among the Nomades of Siberia about the 
Mammoth, and which were the outcome of the curious fact that 
whole carcases of the animal have been discovered intact and with 
their soft parts and external shape preserved. This fact has not 
only been fruitful in romance among the inhabitants of the Tundras, 
and among those who are attracted by strange and unusual occur- 
rences among more civilized people, but is in itself the key to a 
great deal of difficulty in understanding the later changes that have 
1 Grou. Mac. 1876, p. 252. 
2 The previous part of this paper appeared in the GzorocicaL Macazine for 
September, 1880, pp. 408-414. 
