498 H. H. Howorth—The Mammoth in Siberia. 
been discovered, but when he went he found only a number of Mam- 
moths’ bones. On his way to it he heard of a third find. A Yakut told 
him that on a stream not far from the Kovschetschaja, where a former 
Mammoth had been found, he had seen the leg of a great beast, with 
flesh and hide upon it, sticking out of the ground. This was in 
the summer of 1870. This he had detached by moving it backwards 
and forwards. The site of this find was on the tundra between the 
Indigirka and the Alaseya, which is very prolific in Mammoths’ 
remains, so that a number of men are annually engaged in searching 
for ivory there. It is watered by a number of small rivers, the 
most eastern of which is the Kovschetschaja, where the second of 
the above-named Mammoths was found. Forty versts west of this 
was another river named the Schandran, where the third Mammoth 
was found. Maydell visited both places. In the first he founda 
number of bones, and a piece of the hide four arshins long and one 
and a half broad, covered in places with yellowish short hair, and 
longer hair of a brown-red colour. He then went on to the second 
site, where he recovered the leg which had been detached the year 
before by the Yakut. It was broken off at the knee, and, according 
to Maydell, seemed to have been detached long before, as the 
exposed parts of the bones seemed weathered, and of a brown 
colour. There was no flesh remaining, but the hide was intact, and 
ended in a rounded foot with a horny sole. He succeeded in 
finding another similar limb, and a mass of earth mixed with 
Mammoth hair, but nothing more; the rest of the animal had been 
dispersed either by being dragged away by wild animals, or by 
being broken and washed away by the water or otherwise. 
This completes our view of the distribution of the remains of 
Mammoths in Siberia which still retain their soft parts, and it will 
be noted that they have occurred in various and widely separated 
meridians, from the eastern water-shed of the Obi to the peninsula 
of the Chukchi, and they have been found naturally where the 
climate is the most severe, and where the tundra is the most bare of 
vegetation. The list of places where bones and other remains of 
these pachyderms have occurred is such an extensive one, that I 
shall not attempt to give a complete index to it, but only collect a 
series of localities to prove how wide-spread the remains are. 
When the Russian envoys went to Japan from Petropauloski, in 
Kamskatka, one of them, named Kusholof, brought home some 
tusks and fragments of Mammoths’ bones which he had found 
in the latter peninsula (Tilesius, op. cié. 423). Wrangell found a 
tusk in a small brook near the River Aniuj (op. cit. 307), and he 
says both Mammoth and Rhinoceros remains are found in the Little 
Aniuj. Several Mammoth bones and pieces of Whalebone were found 
on the tundra west of the Baranicha (op. cit. 286). These bones, he 
says, are found in hills surrounding the lakes near the Baranof 
rocks (id. 283), and he records a Mammoth’s jawbone from the Great 
Aniuj. He says that between the Kolyma and the Indigirka there 
is a long perpendicular ice-cliff, which never thaws, and in which 
the ice is mixed with a little black earth and clay, and where the 
