R. Bruce Foote—Stone Implements in Madras. 543 
In the paper just referred to I gave also an account of similar 
implements found by myself and others, associated with similar more 
or less lateritic gravels lying at far higher levels and much further 
inland than any part of the coast laterite series, and I can now add 
considerably to the list of localities where such high-level implement- 
bearing beds occur. 
The best substitute for flint occurring in Southern India is fine- 
grained quartzite, of which material an unlimited supply was easily 
obtainable in the regions round about and to the northward of Madras; 
and implements made of this stone are in many places to be found 
in very considerable numbers on the surface of the lateritic beds, 
from which they have been weathered out. To the south of the 
Palar river, however, no quartzite is to be found in situ, and as 
derivative shingle it is of great rarity, and, as was to be expected, 
the implements were found to be made of other materials, and to 
occur in very small numbers. As in the more northerly implement 
beds formerly described, the presence of the implements themselves 
constitutes the only evidence, hitherto obtained, of the existence of 
paleolithic man. No other indications of organic life of any sort or 
kind were seen in the lateritic bed, though most carefully sought for. 
A solitary rolled fragment of bone, which Professor Boyd Dawkins 
considers to be part of a human tibia, was found by me, associated 
with the typical implement bed at Attrampakkam, near Madras, but 
I am not quite positive that it was absolutely im situ. From the 
position in which it was situated I judged it to have been exposed 
by weathering, but it might possibly have been lodged there by a 
flood. 
As the number of implements found in the region south of the 
Palar is very small, I will enumerate the localities where I met 
with them in geographical sequence from north to south. 
1. Ninnyur, about forty miles N.E. of Trichinopoly. Here I got 
two implements among the debris of the western edge of the Wodiar- 
palliam laterite plateau, which there rests on the Upper Cretaceous 
rocks, so well described by Mr. Henry F. Blanford in the Memoirs 
of the Geological Survey of India. Of these two implements one, 
which is of the sharp-pointed type, appears to be made of a form of 
chert, but is too thickly covered with a ferruginous glaze to admit 
of positive determination of the component material; the other, 
which is probably referable to the oval type, but has one end broken 
off, is made of a pale yellowish-drab cherty rock. 
2. Vallam, seven miles W.S.W. of Tanjore. On the rising ground 
about three-quarters of a mile H.S.E. of the old fort I found several 
large but rather rude flakes, two of which were impacted in the hard 
lateritic conglomerate, and had to be broken out with a hammer. 
They are formed of a kind of chert, bearing considerable resemblance 
to the material of which the second Ninnyur implement is made, and 
very like also to some remarkable masses of chert of Upper Cretaceous 
age, which occur in the mottled grits belonging to the Cuddalore 
series, and are exposed in the moat at the N.E. corner of the old 
fort at Vallam. Besides the flakes I got also a large chert thumb- 
