544 R. Bruce Foote—Stone Implements in Madras. 
scraper, a form which had not been found when I read my papers 
to the Geological Society of London, and to the Congress for Pre- 
historic Archeology at Norwich, in 1868, and which, so far as lam 
aware, has not been described as yet occurring in India. This scraper 
has been considerably waterworn and rolled. 
3. At Shuragudi, sixteen miles south of Pudukotai, on the boundary 
between that native State and the Madura Collectorate, I found what 
I believe to be of the broad hatchet type. It is very rudely made 
of coarse granular quartz rock, which occurs in great beds in the 
gneiss and forms several conspicuous ridges in the country N.E. of 
Madura. Despite its extreme rudeness this implement shows such 
manifest marks of design that I cannot help regarding it as being 
bona fide of human workmanship. It occurred in lateritie debris 
close to the edge of a great spread of typical laterite. 
4. At Madura, in a coarse lateritic gravel, on high ground about 
half a mile north of the Vygay river, forming what appears to be 
an outlier of the regular laterite occurring at no great distance to 
the east, I found two or three rude implements of the oval type; 
these were also made of the coarse granular quartz-rock above 
referred to, great beds of which form the very bold and lofty 
Allagiri (hill) some miles to the north. 
Jt is not possible to tell, from the appearance of these southern 
implements, whether they were made like the great majority of those 
found further to the north, from well-rolled pebbles of large size, or 
whether they were shaped out of angular fragments of the rock 
broken off for the purpose. 
Besides the implements now described, I obtained three other 
forms all made of chert that has not yet been found in situ in this 
region. ‘The three forms are a small flake like an arrow-head in 
shape, a true core, and a singular shaped flake used perhaps both as 
knife and scraper, but with one of the cutting edges distinctly 
serrated. This last form was found in a river gravel, younger than 
the adjacent true laterite, a little to. the south of Tripatur in the 
Madura district. The arrow-head and core were found on the surface 
some miles to the northward, not among lateritic debris. The core 
is the first perfect one found by me, and I believe the first that has 
been found south of Central India. 
I may here mention, that during my work in the northern half of 
the Nellore District (in 1875-77), I came across various previously 
unknown lateritic beds in the valleys of the Penneru and Maneru 
(rivers), containing implements of nearly all the more southern, or 
as I may for brevity call them the Madras types, but beside these 
also several true scrapers. All these were made of quartzite, and 
differed from the Madras types only in being generally of ruder 
workmanship. 
The implements obtained from the high-level gravels in the 
Deccan were all made of quartzite derived from the great quartzite | 
beds of the younger metamorphic series locally termed the Kaladgi 
series, which is the equivalent of the Kadapa series on the eastern 
side of the Peninsula. The gravels themselves occur at various 
