552 H. H. Howorth—The Mammoth in Siberia. 
Obi, fifty versts from the mouth of the Yerambei; and a fourth found 
in the government of Moscow, all of which are discussed by Brandt 
(Bull. de la Soc. Imp. des Naturalists de Moscou, xl., part 2, 246-249). 
Lastly, it would seem that we can actually discriminate the Mammoths 
which are found in the furthest north from those found further south 
by certain idiosyneracies. Hedenstrom says that the bones and tusks 
are less large and heavy the further we advance towards the north, 
so that it is a rare occurrence on the islands, z.e. New Siberia, to 
meet with a tusk of more than three pood in weight, whereas on the 
continent they are said often to weigh as much as twelve pood 
(Wrangell, cxxxii). 
In every way the problem is examined it becomes impossible to 
suppose that these remains have floated far, and the notion that they 
did so may be said perhaps to be almost extinct, and is certainly dis- 
carded by nearly all observers who know the country and are 
authorities on the Mammoth, by Brandt and Baer and Schrenck, 
etc., etc., Middendorf being the only exception known to me. We 
are remitted, therefore, to the alternative theory, that the Mammoths 
lived where their remains are now found. This theory, however, 
raises some considerations and postulates which have hardly been 
sufficiently considered. Considerations of climate and of food. The 
fact that the Mammoth was covered with short thick wool, and had 
besides considerable masses of long hair, which apparently formed 
a mane, and, perhaps covered the front part of the body, like those 
of the musk sheep and the bison, prove that the animal did not live 
under the same conditions as it does in Africa and India. It proves 
that its physique was adapted to a much more temperate climate. 
The same covering on the Rhinoceros tichorhinus argues the same 
conclusion. Brandt has examined the question of this hairy and 
woolly covering in great detail in a Memoir published in the Bulletin 
of the St. Petersburgh Academy. 'The same result has been arrived 
at from an examination of the remains of the food of the Rhinoceros 
tichorhinus found in the cavities of its teeth, to which we will revert 
presently, and which shows that the food of these Siberian pachy- 
derms was very different to that of their relatives who now live in 
the tropics. The same conclusion may be deduced from an exami- 
nation of the remains of the plants and fresh-water mollusks found 
imbedded in the same stratum with the Mammoths’ remains. The 
Same conclusion again is reached when we consider the present 
zoological distribution of some of the animals whose remains are 
found with those of the Mammoth, namely, the bison, the musk 
sheep, and the reindeer, all of which are animals confined to cold 
latitudes. These factors in the problem are unmistakable, and have 
been very generally held to prove that the climatic conditions under 
which the Mammoth lived were not at all tropical but rather the 
reverse. This is universally held, but at this point many of our 
Inquirers have stopped short. Content to have proved this, they | 
have concluded that the problem was in a measure solved, but this 
is far from being so. Granted that the Mammoth was fitted to live 
im a very temperate climate, fed on plants growing only in a tem- 
