558 H. H. Howorth—The Mammoth in Siberia, 
which are the result of drift, and those which clearly grew on the 
spot. The shrewd observers who live in Siberia long ago dis- 
criminated between these kinds, and gave the name of Noashina to 
those which have drifted, and of Adamshina to the indigenous timber 
(see Tilesius, op. cit. p. 446), and this division is supported by 
Goppert, who separates the trunks of timber found in Northern 
Siberia into a northern series with narrow rings of annual growth 
and a southern with wider ones. The latter, as Schmidt says, doubt- 
less floated down the rivers, as great quantities do still, while the 
former probably grew here with the Mammoth (Schmidt’s Report, 
Bull. St. Pet. Acad. vol. xiii. p. 118). 
Describing the fresh-water deposit in which the Mammoths’ 
remains occur on the Lower Yenissei, Schmidt says: ‘It consists 
generally of clay alternating with layers of vegetable matter, con- 
sisting, like the similar layers of vegetable matter on the banks of 
the Tundra lakes, of water-mosses, grass, roots, leaves, pieces of 
branches, and layers of low weeds, which are covered in the spring 
floods with fresh layers of clay. . . . Where the lakes on the 
Tundra have grown small and shallow, we find on and near their 
banks a layer of turf, under which in many places are remains of 
trees in good condition, which support the other proofs that the northern 
limit of trees has retrogressed, and that the climate here has grown 
colder. I found on the way from Dudimo to the Ural Mountains, in 
a place where larches now only grow in sheltered river valleys, in 
turf on the top of the Tundra, prostrate larch trees still bearing cones. 
We also found on the Tundra under the turf near Sselakim, stems 
over half a foot in diameter; similar ones are only now found occa- 
sionally on slopes with a southern aspect. Lopatin found similar trees 
still more to the north in the cliff of ‘Nikandrowskie Jary in 704° 
N.L., while 11 versts above Krestowkoje, in 72° N.L., he found in a 
layer of soil covered with clay on the upper edge of the banks of 
the Yenissei, well-preserved stems like those of the birch, with their 
bark intact, and sometimes with their roots attached, and three to 
four inches in diameter. Professor Merklin recognizes them as 
those of the Alnaster fruticosus, which still grows as a bush on the 
islands of the Yenissei, in lat. 704° N. While on the Tundra, near 
Swerevo, in 71° N.L., its present northern limit, it creeps along the 
ground with a stem but the thickness of one’s finger. With the 
branches and roots of the Alnaster, Lopatin found a mass of fine 
twigs or branches, which shows it was not drift timber ” (id. 112). 
Jn the deposit where the Mammoth on the Gyda lay, Schmidt 
found some Hypnum mixed with the leaves of Salix retusa, var. 
rotundifolia and Salia glauca, which still live in the neighbourhood, 
and small bits of wood an inch thick and three to four inches long, 
and roots which Professor Merklin recognized as larchwood. No 
remains of larch were found in the layers above. “That the larch 
grew here” (where there is now only a bare Tundra) “is most pro- 
bable. We have no reason to believe the Gyda ever sprang further 
north than it does now, while drift wood and rolled pebbles do not 
occur here” (id. 112-188). ) 
