560 EH. H.. Howorth—The Mammoth in Siberia. 
such great and well-stored strata under the Tundras, between the 
Yava and the Indigerka, that the Yukagirs there never think of. 
using any other fuel than fossil wood. They obtain it on the shores 
of lakes, which are continually throwing up trunks of trees from 
the bottom. In the same proportion the search for ivory grows 
continually more certain and productive, from the banks of the 
lakes in the interior to the hills along the coast of the icy sea. Both 
these kindred phenomena attain the greatest extent and importance 
at the furthest chain of the islands above mentioned (i.e. New 
‘Siberia, etc.), which are separated from the coast of the mainland 
by a strait about 150 miles wide, of very moderate depth. Thus in 
New Siberia, on the declivities facing the south, lie hills 250 or 800 
feet high, formed of drift wood; the ancient origin of which, as well 
as of the fossil wood in the Tundras, anterior to the history of the 
earth in its present state, strikes at once even the most uneducated 
hunters” (Erdmann, vol. ii. p. 879). 
Herr von Ruprecht reported to Brandt that at the mouth of the 
Indiger, in 67° 39’ N.L., on asmall peninsula called Chernoinos, where 
at present only very small birch bushes grow, he found rotten birch 
trunks still standing upright, of the thickness of a man’s leg and the 
height of a man. In going up the river he met with no traces of 
woods until he reached the port of Indiga. Here he noticed the first. 
light fir-wood growing among still standing but dead bushes. And 
higher up the river still,.the woods fairly began.—Bull. of the Soc. 
of Nat. of Moscow, vol. xl. p. 254. 
Trees are not the only debris of the life contemporary with the 
Mammoth which could not migrate, and which may be accepted as a 
kind of thermometer. In the fresh-water deposits in which the 
bones are found there are also fresh water and land shells which tell 
the same story. 
Schmidt found Helix Schrencki in fresh-water deposits on the 
Tundra below Dudimo and beyond the present range of trees. 
Lopatin found recent shells of it with well-preserved colours, 
9° further south, in lat. 68° and 69°, within the present range of trees 
at the mouth of the Awauka. The most northern limit hitherto 
known for this shell was in lat. 60° N., where they were found by 
Maak in gold washings on the Pit. 
In the fresh-water clay of the Tundra by Tolstoi Noss, Schmidt 
found Planorbis albus, Valvata cristata, and Limneea auricularia, in 
a sub-fossil state; Cyclas calyculata and Valvata piscinalis he found 
thrown up on the banks of the Yenissei, and on a rotten drifted 
trunk, Amare agrestis. -Anodonta anabora he also found on the 
banks of the Yenissei as far as Tolstoi Noss, but no further. 
Pisidium fontinale still lives in the pools on the Tundra, as does. 
Succinea putris, on the branches of the Alnaster on the Breschof 
Islands (Bull. St. Pet. Acad. vol. xiii. p. 180). 
Again, he says, speaking of his journey from Tolstoi Noss to 
Dudimo, “On the top of the Tundra is often found Noah’s wood and 
peat moss with Planorbis, Limnea, and a large species of Helix 
which I have never found here alive ” (id. 86) 
