Notices of Memoirs—Geology of the Galita Islands. 561 
The evidence then of the debris of vegetation and of the fresh- 
water and land shells found with the Mammoths’ remains, amply con- 
firm the @ priori conclusion that the climate of Northern Siberia was 
at the epoch of the Mammoth much more temperate than now. It 
seems that the botanical facies of the district was not unlike that of 
Southern Siberia, that the larch, the willow, and the alnaster were 
probably the prevailing trees, that the limit of woods extended far to 
the north of its present range, and doubtless as far as the Arctic Sea; 
that not only the mean temperature was much higher, but it is pro- 
bable that the winters were of a temperate and not of an arctic type, 
and roughly we may conjecture that Lithuania, where the bison 
still survives, and where so many of the other contemporaries of the 
Mammoth still live, probably presents to us a not unfaithful picture 
of what Northern Siberia must have been like from the Urals to 
Behrings Straits, and thet it was probably in such a condition of 
things as prevails in Lithuania that the Siberian Mammoth thrived 
the best. 
We have seen reason, therefore, to conclude that the Mammoth 
lived in all parts of Siberia where his remains are now found, and 
that when he lived there, a comparatively mild climate prevailed in 
Northern Asia to the very borders of the Arctic Sea. These are not 
the only nor the most important lessons which we can learn from the 
Mammoth remains of Siberia. Other conclusions of a more revo- 
lutionary and heterodox character seem to us to be inevitable 
corollaries from the facts. Before we venture to propound them, 
however, we must shortly examine the problem in other areas than 
Siberia, where Mammoth remains abound, i.e. in Europe and 
America, and to this we hope hereafter to devote another paper. 
INWOTICHS: (\O MEMOTERsS. 
J.—Cernnr Sutta Grotoera Dutta Garira. Prof. A. Issen. Ann. 
del Mus. Civ. di St. Nat. di Genova, vol. xv., 1880, with coloured 
Map. 
ROFESSOR ISSEL, who made one of the party in a cruise from 
Genoa to the north coast of Africa, in the cutter ‘“ Violante,” 
belonging to and commanded by Capt. Henry Albertis, has already 
written an account of the voyage, and now adds a sketch of the 
geology of the Galita islands north of Tunis. 
The largest island Galita is two miles and three-quarters long by 
one mile and a half broad. The higher parts of the islands are 
composed of granite, while a large portion of the island Galita is 
composed of travertine containing the remains of some indetermin- 
able herbaceous plants and Helix vermiculata, Miill., HZ. aspera, 
Miill., H. submeridionalis, B., H. amanda, Ross, H. trochoides, Boiret, 
H. Kabiliana, H. Berlieri, species of shells which Prof. Issel also 
now found living on the islands. This formation belongs to the 
Quaternary period, and probably after the Glacial period, and he 
supposes that the elevation of the island took place at the time of 
the great elevation which raised the marine bed of the African desert. 
DECADE II.— VOL. VII.—NO. XII. 36 
