CONCERNING THE HIGHER MAMMALIA. 155 



Linneeus, though a wonderful accumulation of knowledge, and a mon- 

 ument of industry, was to a certain extent superseded. 



In Cuvier's arrangement, the animals which composed the first order 

 of Linnaeus, are scattered throughout three or four other orders. Out 

 of the monkey tribe, apes, and man, he has established two distinct 

 orders. The first order is that of the Bimana : the second, that of 

 the Quadrumana. In the first order there is only one Genus, Homo j 

 in the second there are several Genera. 



There can be no doubt that the doctrines which Linneeus propounded 

 were not in all cases established upon firm and incontrovertible data. 

 As regards the character of the anthropomorphous animals he appears 

 to have been particularly ill-informed. From his description of these 

 creatures one would imagine that he had imbibed and given credence 

 to the vague and unscientific notions of the vulgar ; and that he had 

 never attempted to find a strict line of distinction between the man 

 and the ape. Modern naturalists are of opinion that, of his own ob- 

 servation, he knew nothing concerning the anthropoid apes of either 

 Asia or Africa. He had a pupil named Hoppius, who published a 

 dissertation, accompanied by a wood-cut, on these animals, in the 

 "Amcenitates Academicse," and we may reasonably conclude that he 

 had derived his opinions on this subject from his great master. The 

 wood-cut represents four figures, the originals of which never existed, 

 except in the imagination of the delineator. The first of these he 

 styles "Troglodyta Bontii." It represents really a human female with 

 a covering of hair. Bontius had described it as an Ourang Ou- 

 tang, and Linneeus introduces it into his " Systema " as " Homo 

 Nocturnus." The second is styled " Lucifer Aldrovandi." Hoppius 

 is of opinion that it belongs to a cat-tailed and cannibal race of people. 

 Linneeus names it " Homo Caudatus," and ranks it as a third species 

 of man. The third figure is styled " Satyrus Tulpii," and approaches 

 more nearly than the others to the appearance of an ape, save in the 

 head, face and feet, which too closely resemble Jhe corresponding parts 

 of man. The fourth is called " Pygmseus Edwardi." The propor- 

 tions of its limbs are not at all those which characterise the limbs of 

 an ape, and the face is much too human in its aspect. Buffon enjoyed 

 opportunities of examining live specimens of anthropoid animals which 

 Linneeus did not, and his observations did good service in dispellino- 

 the clouds of superstitious ignorance which enshrouded the whole sub- 

 ject. So little was known of the natural history of man in the time 



