ANCIBNT AND MODERN CELT. 393 



and the surnames form in most cases the only guide to their ethnical 

 classification. In Lower Canada the great mass of the population is 

 of French origin, but derived from different departments of the parent 

 country ; of which Quebec is the centre of a migration from Nor- 

 mandy while the district around Montreal was chiefly settled by 

 colonists from Brittany. The French language, laws, religion, and 

 customs prevail, preserving many traits of the mother country and its 

 population, as they existed remote from the capital of the Grande 

 Monarque, and before the first French Revolution. The establish- 

 ment of the seat of the Provincial Government at different times in 

 Montreal and Quebec, and the facilities of intercourse between the 

 two cities, must have helped to mingle the Norman and Breton popu- 

 lation in both. Nevertheless, the results of my investigations tend to 

 show that a striking difference is still recognisable in the predominant 

 French head-forms of the two cities. 



My first observations, with special reference to the present inquiry, 

 were made at Quebec, in 1863, when, in co-operation with my friend 

 Mr. John Langton, I tested the action of the conformiteur on heads 

 of various forms, and had an opportunity of examining and comparing 

 nearly four hundred head-patterns of the French and English popula- 

 tion.* As each of the patterns had the name of the original written 

 upon it, a ready clue was thereby furnished for determining their 

 nationality. Since then, in following out the observations thus insti- 

 tuted, I have carefully examined and classified eleven hundred and 

 four head-shapes ; including those of two of the principal hatters in 

 Montreal, and of one in Toronto. f In testing their various differen- 

 tiae, I have arranged them by correspondence in form ; by common 

 origin, as indicated by French, English, "Welsh, Highland, Irish, and 

 foreign names ; and by predominant malformations in those markedly 

 xinsymmetrical. The first noticeable fact in comparing the head-forms 

 of the Quebec population was that they were divisible into two very 

 dissimilar types : a long ovoid, and a short, nearly cylindrical one; 

 This is so obvious as to strike the eye at a glance. I accordingly 

 arranged the whole into two groups, determined solely by their forms, 

 without reference to the names ; and on applying the latter as a test, 

 the result showed that they had been very nearly classified into French 



* Mr. J. A^hworth, Qnebec. 



t Messrs. J. Henderson & Co., and A. Brahadi, Montreal ; and Mr. J. Eogers.5 

 Toronto. 



