398 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 



historic races ? Wherever a native population holds its ground as a 

 race in the midst of its conquerors, intermixture in common interests, 

 and in blood, is inevitable. Gaul joined with Frank in the struggle 

 against Rollo and his Northmen : Gael and .Saxon fought together for 

 Scottish independence, against the Edwards ; Welsh and English 

 shared with the Norman the triumphs of the Black Prince ; as the 

 modern Hindoo, Affghan, Red Indian, and Negro, have been enlisted 

 in the service of their Anglo-Saxon masters. The discrepancy of races 

 in most of those instances surpasses that which results from the as- 

 sumption that the wild hordes of Norse marauders included Finns as 

 well as trne Scandinavians. Their intermixture, in recent centuries is 

 no mere assumption ; but a well established fact. 



The Northman of the ninth century was by the nature of his geo- 

 graphical position more Finnic than the Dane. The Norwegian and 

 Swede are so even at the present day. I have carefully examined a 

 series of Scandinavian and Finnic crania in the collection of the Aca- 

 demy of Sciences of Philadelphia, with a view to this question. The 

 true Norwegian and Swedish head is dolichocephalic, of moderate 

 length and frontal elevation ; but the " Swedish Finn," or mixed race, 

 — of which the collection includes three examples, — is short and semi- 

 globular, partaking of the characteristics of the true Finn, with its 

 marked parietal, and short longitudinal development. The Philadel- 

 phia collection contains nine pure Finn skulls and a cast, in addition 

 to those of the Scandinavian and mixed races, nearly all selected by 

 Professor Retzius, and highly illustrative of the two distinct types, 

 and the intermediate hybrid form. It seems, therefore, in no degree 

 inconsistent either with scientifie or historical evidence, that v?e should 

 trace a historic, as well as a prehistoric Finnic element in the brachy- 

 cephalic and semi-globular head-forms of Orkney, the Hebrides, the 

 north-east of Ireland, Normandy, and the Quebec district of Lower 

 Canada. But on any supposition we must not overlook the charac- 

 teristics of the races with whom the intruders intermingled. Among 

 the Scandinavian crania of the Mortonian collection, are three ancient 

 Swedish skulls of extreme dolichocephalic proportions, which would 

 probably be classed as Celtic by those who regard the elongated cra- 

 nium as the unvarying characteristic of the latter type, and maintain 

 the preoccupation of Scandinavia by a Celtic race. To assume that the 

 Franco-Roman population of Neustria prior to the Norman invasion 

 was purely Gaulish, would be to ignore all history from Julius Csesar 



