ANCIENT AND MODERN CELT. 399 



to Charlemagne. "All the foreign peoples of the Indo-European stock," 

 says M. Broca, when referring to the intermixture of races on the 

 French soil, "■ who hare, one after another, invadedj conquered, or oc- 

 cupied the whole, or a part of our countryj the Celts, the Cytnri, the 

 Germans, were dolichocephalic, and so were the Romans, though in a 

 less degree. It is, therefore, not doubtful that the brachycephalic 

 type still so prevalent among us, is derived from populations anterior 

 to the arrival of the Celts." 



Taking then the known elements as our guide : if all but the Celtic 

 form can be determined, there can be no insurmountable difficulty in 

 ascertaining its type. Assuming the modern German head as a key 

 to the influences of Frank and other Germanic intermixture, it is de- 

 cidedly shorter and more globular than the Anglo-Saxon head. In- 

 deed my attention was first directed to the hat-gauge as a usieful cra- 

 nial test by a remark of the late Dr. Gustaff Kombat, that he could 

 never procure an English-made hat that would fit his head, owiog to 

 the greater length and narrowness of the English head. Leaving out 

 of consideration, then, for the present, any race prior to the Gauls : it 

 is wholly consistent with historical evidence to conceive of them, mod- 

 ified by successive interfusions of trans-Rhenic and other Roman le- 

 gionaries, the later Franks^ and others of Germanic blood ; aisd then 

 of Danes and Northmen, with whatever amount of Finnic element the 

 latter may have been affected. Still the type of head characteristic of 

 the population of Normandy, and of Lower Canada at the present day, 

 requires, either that the undetermined Celtic element modified by 

 all those dolichocephalic foreign influences, must have been brachyce- 

 phalic ; or, that, altogether prior to the first Roman invasion, there 

 existed there a large predominance of such a pre-Celtic element as the 

 Finnic one, assumed as unquestionable by M. Paul Broca, and other 

 French ethnologists. For no permissible augmentation of a Scandina- 

 vian-Finnic element would sufiice to account for the modern head-form, 

 on the theory of an extreme dolichocephalic Gaulish cranium. Against 

 the conclusion that the Gaulish head resembled the brachycephalic 

 type of the British barrows assigned by Dr. J. B. Davis to the British 

 Celts, two arguments are of considerable weight. (1.) The modera 

 Normandy-head, though brachycephalic, has more afiinity with the 

 semi-globular type of the mixed Swedish-Finn, than vfith that of the 

 British barrows. (2.) The Breton head, in which it cannot be doubted 

 that the Celtic element predominates to a much greater extent than in 



