1881.] ANATOMY OF THE ERINACEIDiE. 391 



young, but in old animals united, the line of union, however, re- 

 maining distinct. 



The greater and lesser trochanters of the femur are very large ; 

 and there is a strongly convex ridge immediately below the greater 

 trochanter, representing a third trochanter. 



In the teeth the form of the crowns of the first and second 

 molars is especially noticeable : each has five conical cusps — one at 

 each angle, the inner pair nearly as large as the outer, the fifth 

 near the centre of the tooth, connected by an oblique ridge with 

 the bases of the antero- and postero-internal cusps, and separated 

 from both the external cusps (in the unworn tooth) by a deep 

 groove' (fig. 1). 



Fig. 1. 



Crown of first upper molar (right side) of Gymimra rafflesii. 



Several very interesting points are noticeable in the myology of 

 this species. The panniculus carnosus is thin, and consists chiefly 

 of two pairs of extensive muscles, lining the skin between the an- 

 terior limbs and the base of the tail. These two, m. humero-dorsales 

 and humero-abdominales, arise separately from the humerus behind 

 the attachment of the great pectoral muscle, and, passing respec- 

 tively backwards and upwards and backwards and downwards, soon 

 become attached to and spread out over the internal surface of the 

 integument covering the back and sides behind the scapulae, and the 

 sides and the abdomen behind the umbilicus ; the dorsal pair are 

 inserted into the \ipper surface and sides of the base of the tail, the 

 abdominal into the under surface and sides of the same part. Added 

 to these, other cutaneous muscles line the integument in front of 

 the fore limbs. Of these the chief are the sterno-faciales, a broad 

 muscular aponeurosis extending upwards on either side of the neck 

 and head from a raphe occupying the centre line of the neck 

 beneath, and connected posteriorly by two pairs of small oblique 

 muscles with the sternum. 



The facial muscles are well developed. Zygomaticus major and 

 minor arise from the root of the zygomatic arch ; and above them 

 a pair of similar but smaller muscles, the levatores alcB nasi {inferior 

 and superior) have their origin from the space between the root of 



^ It is especially necessary to examine the crowns of unworn teeth to see 

 the central fifth cusp and this groove separating it from the poatero-external 

 cusp ; for in most specimens the central cusp is found worn down, and its base 

 as well as that of the postero-external cusp spread out so as to obliterate 

 wholly or in part the intervening groove ; the base of the central cusp then 

 appears as a prolongation of the I'idge which, as described above, unites it with 

 the autero-iuterual cusp. 



