1881.] 'lightning' and 'porcupine' expeditions. 709 



There are at least a score of unnecessary synonyms ; and, accor- 

 ding to Graells, this common eatahle shell-fish is known by fourteen 

 local names in different parts of Northern Lusitania. The ancients 

 imagined that such shell-fish were most in season if taken when the 

 moon was full. A somewhat similar idea seems to have been enter- 

 tained in our own times — so late indeed as the l/th century ; for 

 inDryden's 'Wild Gallant' we find Justice Price boasting that he 

 had in his larder "codes, dainty fat codes, that came in the night." 

 The shells were then used for making lime. Ray, in his ' Itinerary,' 

 1662, says: — "After travelling on two miles further (from Laugharne, 

 in Carmarthenshire) we saw them burning Cockle-shells, thereof to 

 make Lime. The Manner thus. They make an Hole in the Ground, 

 therein they put Furze, upon that Wood, upon the Wood small Stone 

 Coal, and then a Layer of Cockle-shells, and so Shells and Coals, S. S. S. 

 [stratum super stratum, as the editor Derham suggests], and then 

 put Fire on them ; these burnt make excellent Lime." 



l/W. Cardium MINIMUM, Philippi. 



C. minimum, Phil. Moll. Sic. i. p. 51 ; ii. p. 38, t. xiv. f. 18 : 

 B. C. ii. p. 292 ; v. p. 182, pi. xxxv. f, 6. 



'Lightning' Exp. St. 2, 5. 



'Porcupine' Exp. 1869: St. 1, 3, 6, 9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 23«, 

 47, 61, 6.5, Little Minch. 18/0: Atl. 1, 2, 3, 9, Vigo B., 13, 16, 17, 

 17 «, Setubal B., 24, 25, C. Sagres, 26-30, ?>% ; Med. 45, Cartagena 

 B., 50, 51, 55, Benzert Road, Basel Amoush, Adventure Bank, off 

 Rinaldo's Chair. 



Distribution. Siberian coast, Hamnierfest to G. Egiua, Adriatic 

 Ostend (Malzine) 1 ; 5-645 fms. 



Fossil. Upper Tertiaries and Post-tertiary : Scandinavia, Scot- 

 land, Italy, Rliodes; 0-130 ft. 



Syn. See ' British Conchology,' ii. p. 293. 



l/^\2. Cardium norvegicum, Speugler. 



C. norvegicum, Spengl. Skrivt. Selsk. v. pt. 1, p. 42: B C ii 

 p. 294; V. p. 182, pi. xxxv. f. 7. 



' Porcupine ' Exp. 1870 : Atl. St. Vigo B., Setubal B., C. Sagres, 

 Tangier B. (var. rotunda) ; Med. G. Bona, Benzert Road, Rasel 

 Amoush (var. ohlonga). 



Distribution. Finmark and the Faroe Isles to the Eastern Medi- 

 terranean, Adriatic, Madeira, ('anaries ; 0-50 fms. 



Fossil. Upper Tertiaries : British Isles, S. France, Italy. Post- 

 tertiary: Scandinavia, England, Calabria : 0-1360 ft. 



Family XII. Chamidjj. 

 v' Chama gryphoides, Linue. 



C. gryphoides, L. S. N. p. 1 139 ; PoH, Test. Sic. ii. t. xxiii. f. 3, 4, 

 15, 20. 



'Porcupine' Exp. 1870: Med. St. Capo de Gata, Cartagena B., 

 Rasel Amoush (var. dissimilis). Adventure Bank. The variety sinis- 

 trorsa or gnjphinu occurred with the typical or usual form. ' 



