1881.] OF AMURLAND, NORTH CHINA, AND JAPAN. 871 



begins and another ends. Indeed, I think it very probable that they 

 are all forms of one species from a broad point of view. 



In the Himalayas this is not so ; for out of hundreds of specimens 

 which I have seen, I have found none which could not be easily 

 distinguished ; and in Sikkim no less than four species — viz. P. paris, 

 arcturus, yaneesa, and hrishna — are all found together. 



In the south of China P. -paris occurs, but, as far as I know, not 

 within my present limits. 



In Central China we find 



Papilio bianor, Cr. Pap. Ex. ii. t. 103. f. C (1/79). 



I have seen specimens from N. China (? Shanghai, Fortune), 

 Ningpo? {Pryer)y and Mongolia? (Mus. God/nan and Salvin). Both 

 sexes are of a less brilliant green than the Japanese and Amur forms. 

 The male is distinguished by a black velvety patch on the fore wing. 



Further north we have : — 



P. MAACKi, Men. Schrenk's Reise, p. 10, t. i., 

 which occurs in the Bureija mountains (Radde), on the Ussuri 

 {Maack), in Askold {Jankoivsky), and in Central Japan {Fenton, 

 Fryer). In Amurland it has a small and very different-looking 

 seasonal form, P. raddei, Brem. Lep. Ost-Sib. p. 3, t. i., which has 

 been, I believe, proved by breeding to be the spring brood. 



From Nevvchwang, in N. China, I find a specimen in Pryer's coll. 

 which is rather larger than the average of those from the Amur, 

 and has the blackish band on the hind wing less distinct. 



In Jaj)an it seems to vary little from the Amur type ; but there 

 are three other forms which may be varieties or species, namely : — 



P. DEHAANii, Feld. Verb, zool.-bot. Ges. xiv. p. 323 (1864). 



P. alliacmon, De I'Orza (ex Boisd.), Lep. Jap. p. 9 (18f)9). 



This is common in Central Japan {Maries, Fryer), and occurs at 

 Hakodadi ( Whitely). What is perhaps a dwarfed form, or seasonal 

 variety of it is 



P. BIANOR, var. JAPONiCA, Butlcr, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool. ix. 

 p. 50 (1806). 



P.japonica, Butler, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, ^ii. p. 133, 

 in which I can see no characters by which it can be certainly known. 

 A new species lately described, or to be described, is 



P. TUTANUs, Fenton'. 



At first sight easily distinguished by the broad yellowish band on 

 underside of hind wing. This character, however, is variable, and 

 in some specimens is almost absent, when the insect nearly resembles 

 P. rnaacki. Specimens of P. maacki in Dr. Staudingcr's collection 

 have this band as strongly marked as in P. tutanus. 



The next group of Papilios is that represented in tlie south and 

 centre of China by the Indian species 



' Vide antea, p. 8.5r). 



