290 Professor T. G. Bonney— 



A. Grinnell Land, etc} — Here we find abundant evidence tbat tliis 

 "part of the land round the North Pole has been aifected by 

 a movement of upheaval since there was any subsidence." That 

 statement is justified by the following observations : — (a) Fragments 

 of mollusca and erratics are scattered over mountain tops and 

 elevated plateaus. (6) Terminal moraines of ancient glaciers, con- 

 taining numerous marine mollusca, are found above the present 

 sea-level. (c) Eaised beaches, with remains of such mollusca and 

 with erratics stranded on their tops and slopes, occur tier above tier 

 with great regularity. They appear to be frequent up to about 

 400 feet above sea-level, and the most elevated mentioned is at 

 about 1,000 feet.^ It consists of a clay containing ice - scratched 

 erratics, with Mya truncata, Saxicava riigosa, Astarte borealis, and 

 Pecten Grmnlandicus. A similar deposit with the same fossils also 

 occurs here^ just above sea-level; the latter resting on sandstone of 

 Miocene age, the former on Azoic slates. Colonel Feilden also 

 mentions a plateau at 800 feet, in which some remains of Mya 

 truncata were found. Coniferous wood, still retaining its buoyancy 

 and just like that stranded on the existing coastline, was found " at 

 elevations of several hundred feet," and " there was no evidence in 

 the mud beds of Grinnell Land to encourage the idea that any of 

 these trees had grown in situ." ^ 



B. Arctic Norway. — With this I'egion Colonel Feilden has dealt 

 briefly, because, as he says, numerous observers have already called 

 attention to the raised beaches containing marine shells and the 

 wave-marks on ice-worn crags high above sea-level, so that the fact 

 of a general glaciation, followed by some submergence, and that by 

 considerable elevation, can hardly be disputed.* But he mentions 

 more particularly a conspicuous terrace on the mainland opposite to 

 Tromso, at the mouth of a valley about a quarter of a mile wide, 

 which is continued north and south along the present coastline, 

 its base being a few feet above present high-water mark. In 1894 

 a good section of this terrace, some 20 feet in height, was exposed. 

 " From base to summit it is a homogeneous mass of blue clay, 

 with boulders and stones interspersed throughout." These are ice- 

 scratched, and " mollusca are abundant throughout the bed. Cyprina 

 Islandica and Pecten Islandicus, partially retaining their colour, are 

 common, likewise stones to which the ' bases ' of a Balanus are 

 attached." He also cites Professor A. Newton and Mr. Hudleston 

 as having found in the Varanger Fjord, not far from Vadso, the 

 bones of a whale, about 50 feet above high-water mark and 

 200 yards from the shore, which they deemed to have been stranded 

 in old times." Colonel Feilden himself foumd on Vardo a marine 

 sand deposit, some 40 to 50 feet above sea-level, in which he 

 collected bones of Halichoerus grypJius (grey seal), Phoca hispida 



1 Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., ut supra, p. 483. 



2 In Watercourse Bay, Grinnell Land, lat. S1°44'N. 



' Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv (1878), p. 556 ; Ifares, ut supra, p. 327. 

 * A number of instances from different parts of Scandinavia are cited bv 

 J. F. Campbell : " Frost and Fire," vol. i, p. 351. 



