Colonel Feilden's Contributions to Glacial Geology. 291 



(the ringed seal), and Gadiis morrhua, with Buccinum undatwn, 

 Modiola modiolus, and Pecten Islandicus. 



C. The Kola Peninsula. — The coast scenery is bold, but the hills 

 inland seem planed down to a general level, the highest summits 

 apparently rising to 500 or 600 feet. In bays and indentations 

 immense raised beaches are noticeable, especially to the westward 

 of Cape Cherui. A " remarkable and prevailing feature of the 

 country is the vast number of erratic blocks spread over it in every 

 direction." ^ These are of local origin, so that they cannot be the 

 leavings of a circumpolar ice-sheet. Mr. F. G. Jackson is quoted as 

 having observed raised beaches and coniferous wood, proving an 

 elevation of something like 250 feet eastward of the estuary of the 

 Petsora river. 



D. Kolgiiev Island. — This lies about 50 miles away from the main- 

 land of Europe, and 130 miles south-west of the nearest part of 

 Novaya Zemlya ; the depth of the sea in the one case not being 

 greater than 30 fathoms, in the other probably 70 fathoms. It Is 

 oval in shape, and about the area of Norfolk, being apparently 

 "a vast accumulation of glacio-marine beds." ~ The highest ground 

 in the island is about 250 feet above sea-level, but the shore-line is 

 often formed by low cliffs of a bluish-grey clay, not exceeding 60 to 

 70 feet in height ; the island becomes flatter towards the south-west, 

 and there a considerable district is overlain by sea-sand. The 

 ground is furrowed by ravines, often rather short, which have been 

 cut by rivulets and afford sections of the clay, their beds being 

 strewn with stones and boulders derived from it. These vary in 

 form from angular to rounded and polished, a large proportion 

 being ice-scratched. " The medley of rocks represented is remark- 

 able — granites and gneisses, limestoijes Silurian and Carboniferous, 

 grits, quartzites, porphyries, etc. ; they vary in size from walnuts to 

 large dimensions.^ They do not exhibit the slightest tendency to 

 form lines of horizontal deposit in the clay," the matrix of which 

 shows no signs of stratification or of disturbance. " My opinion is, 

 that all have been dropped from floating ice intermittently and 

 tranquilly .... Not unfrequently the clays pass into horizons 

 of a more sandy composition, although so insensibly that tho 

 alteration is evidenced more by the change in colour than by any 

 definite lines of demarcation." Deposit has been continuous ; there 

 are no beds of gravel traversing the clays as in Grinnell Land and at 

 Smith Sound, where the horizons of clay, sand, and gravel are often 

 distinctly defined. No drift-wood occurs ; the remains of mollusca 

 are not common, and for the most part fragmentary. The following 

 were obtained : Natica afinis, fragments ofgasteropod (Sipho? sp.), 

 Saxicava arctica, Aslarte compressa and horealis, Mya arenaria, and 

 fragments of Mya, sp. The clay. Colonel Feilden remarks, is not 



' Some peculiarities in tlieir distribution are mentioned, but on these it is needless 

 to dwell. 



* No rock of greater solidity was anywhere seen in situ. 



^ One, of a hard yellow sandstone, polished, scored, and striated, measured 

 15 X 9 X 6 feet. 



