292 Professor T. G. Bonney— 



similar to the " firm, tough, tenacious, strong " material called ' till ' 

 in Scotland, but rather resembles the Boulder-clays of the Yorkshire 

 coast and the Chalky Boulder-clay of Norfolk.^ He regards it as 

 a glacio-marine deposit, not that of an ice-sheet, and " formed under 

 conditions similar to those which at present exist in Barents Sea." 



E. Waigats Island. — This is about sixty miles in length and 

 twenty in breadth. Its ridges probably in no case exceed 300 feet, 

 and, as a rule, are much lower. Specimens collected in situ repre- 

 sent: limestones, sometimes dolomitic ; argillite and green schistose 

 rocks, perhaps compact basic igneous rocks modified by crushing. 

 The first-named bear a general resemblance to some of the Carboni- 

 ferous limestones of Britain, and contain foraminifera which make 

 their identification highly probable.- The valleys and troughs are 

 filled by clay and sand, mostly the former, which is of the same 

 character as that now forming under water in the bays and around 

 its shores. These deposits at Cape Matinsela exceed 100 feet in 

 thickness. They were followed for several miles on both sides of 

 the Cape, forming low hills 50 to 100 feet in height along the coast 

 (the result of denudation). Where examined, they showed no definite 

 signs of stratification, and contained large ice-polished boulders ; ^ 

 in fact, they resemble the Kolgaev clay. No shells of marine 

 mollusca were found in them, but samples submitted to Mr, Joseph 

 Wright contained foraminifera and sponge spicules, the latter in 

 abundance. " These Matinsela beds pass by almost imperceptible 

 gradations into the grey marine clay, with shells of recent mollusca, 

 that now forms the surface of the present tundra land." This is 

 rich in foraminifera, and is the most widely dispersed deposit, for it 

 is spread over the tundra land of Arctic Eussia, over Waigats, and 

 over Novaya Zemlya up to an altitude of at least 500 feet, always 

 forming the surface layer. " Precisely the same clay comes up in 

 the dredge or on the flukes of the anchor in the Straits of Yugov, in 

 Dolga Bay, and other anchorages on the coasts of Waigats." 

 Colonel Feilden also calls attention to the effects of floating ice in 

 smoothing, polishing, and scoring projecting rocks, and in thrusting 

 up mounds of gravel "many feet beyond tide line, both here* and in 

 Novaya Zemlya." ^ 



F. Novaya Zemlya. — Colonel Feilden landed at places on the west 

 coast of the southern island, on the east coast of the northern one as 

 far as Pachtussofi" Island, and in Matyushin Shar, the dividing strait. 

 On Gooseland and the islands in Kostin Shar, deposits of Boulder- 

 clay lie in their undulations and hollows, a depth of 20 feet 

 being shown. The clay was of the same colour as the rock on 



^ See " Beyond Petsora," pp. 238, 239, for a note on the composition of the 

 Kolguev deposits. 



2 Ut supra, pp. 279, 280. Sihirian and possibly Lower Devonian rocks occui- at 

 Cape Greben, at the south end of the island ; see E. T. Newton, pp. 287-294. 



3 The following specimens were taken from erratics : granite (three varieties), 

 felspathic grit (three varieties), limestone (two varieties, one shown by fossils to be 

 Carboniferous or possibly Devonian in age) ; fragment of a guard of a belemnite, 

 probably Jurassic ; lignite, probably not earlier than Tertiary age. 



* Ut supra, pp. 270,271. 

 5 Ut supra, pp. 249-254. 



