28 OLD BABYLONIAN INSCK1PTIONS 



mi, not ash. L. 3-7 in the inscription of Bar-Sin I are of special interest. They 

 read : 3. ingar lig(?y~ga 4. Zfrum k '-ma 5. gish-Mn Urudug kl -ga hi-bi-gi 6. in mi-a- 

 ium-ma ~ 7. Urug ki -ga, " the powerful shepherd 3 of Ur, the restorer of the oracle 

 tree 4 of Eridu, the lord who delivers the commands of Erech." 



GANDE AND THE CASSITE DYNASTY. 



A number of inscribed objects excavated in Nippur bear the name of a king 5 

 who has been transliterated Oar-de (?) by Pinches. 6 As I remarked in another 

 place, 7 this transliteration is incorrect. For the first character of the group on PI. 14, 

 No. 23, 1. 2 b, is not the Old Babylonian sign for GAR, 8 but GAN. 9 The second 

 character may be read either de or ne, the whole name therefore, either Gande or 

 Ganne. The former reading is the more probable, because the second character, out- 

 side of the purely Sumerian 10 texts, is more frequently found with the syllabic value 

 de than ne. 11 



The contents of the three inscriptions of Gande published on PI. 14 are iden- 

 tical. They read: 1. m '" Jir Mi-lil-la 2. lugal M-aga-ni Gan-de 3. a-mu-na-slmh, "To 



1 Cf. Jensen, Z. A. I, p. 396, note 4. 



2 mi-a-tumma, corresponding to mi-shu-il (Ur-Ninib, 1. 6), as turn, like il, is explained by abalu, " to bring, 

 to deliver." Cf. IV -R. 2 35, No. 6, 12, 13. 



3 Cf. ik-ka-ri Ba-U-i-lu " (Nebuchadrezzar II), shepherd of Babylon " (Abel-Winckler, .Keihchrifttexte, p. 33, 

 1. 19). Ingar = ikkaru, Hebrew "OX, is a Semitic word adopted by the Sumerian language (Zimmern, Babylonisehe 

 Busspsalmen, p. 5, note 1), and means "farmer," Landmann (Jensen-Zimmern, in Z. A. Ill, p. 199 seq. ; Delitzsch, 

 Assyrisches Worterbuch, pp. 400-402). In view of the principal occupations of the farmer — tilling of the ground and 

 stock-raising — the word occurs as a synonym either of irrishu, talm. XD'IX {Z. A. Ill, p. 200), or of nakidu, rid alpi 

 (Z. A., ibid.). Accordingly, it is to be translated either as "farmer" or as "shepherd." The latter meaning is the 

 only possible one in the above-given passage, as the context and a comparison with UrNinib, 1. 4 — na-gid Urum kl - 

 ma, "shepherd of Ur' — clearly show. The same meaning is also to be preferred to Landmann (Jensen, in Schrader's 

 K. B. Ill, Part 1, p. 59) in passages like Gudea F, col. Ill, 1. 14, where ingar stands parallel with uiul, sib and nagid, 

 all words for "shepherd." 



4 Cf. Jensen, Kosmologie, pp. 99 seq., 249, note. 



6 That the bearer of this name was a king is certain (against Pinches), notwithstanding the omission of the title. 

 Cf. Hilprecht, "Die Ergiinzung der Narnen zweier Kassitenkonige," Z. A. VIII (in print). 



6 The Academy, 1891, September 5, p. 199, a, b. 



7 Z. A. VII, p. 315, note 1. 



8 Amiaud et Mechineau, I. c, No. 105. 



9 Ibidem, No. 79, sign 5. 



10 To be understood in the sense established by Lehmann, 8hamaslish.umu.kln, pp. 62-108. 



11 For this and other reasons I reject the reading Agane instead of Agade (= Akkad! in spite of Lehmann, Sha- 

 mashshumukin, p. 73). Cf. also Hommel, Oesch., p. 302. 



