272 OLD BABYLONIAN INSCRIPTIONS CHIEFLY FROM NIPPUR. 



lord for his life." 1 In Lugal-kigub-nidudu 2 and his son (?) Lugal-kisal-si 3 we have 

 therefore the first representatives of the first dynasty of Ur. Ur-Gur and Dungi, etc., 

 who lived about 1000 years later, must hereafter be reckoned as members of the second 

 dynasty of Ur. 4 The relation of this dynasty to Edingiranagin is shrouded in absolute 

 mystery. It is not impossible that its members ruled before him and were Semites 

 who overthrew the dynasty of Lugalzaggisi. 



How long the restored Sumerian influence lasted we do not know. Apparently 

 the Semites were soon again in possession of the whole country. The old name 

 Kengi continued to live as an ideogram in the titles of kings, but the name of Shumer, 

 by which Southern Babylonia was known to the later Semitic populations, was derived 

 from the city of Sugir or Sungir, 5 which was the centre of the national uprising of 

 the South against the foreign invaders from Kish and Harran. Sargon I finally 

 restored what had been lost against Edingiranagin. In his person and work we see 

 but a repetition of that which had happened under Lugalzaggisi centuries before. 

 From the city of Agade," which became the capital of the Sargonic empire, I derive 

 Akkad, the name of Northern Babylonia. The names of Shumer and Akkad are 

 therefore but the historical reflex of the final struggle between the Sumerian and Sem- 

 itic races, and they were derived from the two cities which took the leading part 

 in it. 7 



1 1. DingirEn-lil. 2. lugal kur-kur{a)-ge. 3. Lugal-ki-gub-ni-du-dura 4. ud dingirEn-lil-li 5. gu-zi ma-na-de a 

 6. nam-en 7. namlugal(_a)-da 8. ma-na-da-tab-ba-a 9. UnugMga 10. nam-en 11. muag-ge 12. UrumH-ma 13. nam- 

 lugal 14. mu-ag-ge 15. Lugal-ki-gvbni-du-dune 16. nam gal-gul-la-da 17. dingh-En-lil lugal ki-a[ga-ni 18. nam-ti- 

 la-ni-shu 19. a-mu-na-shub~\. The use of da = shu, "unto, for," in this test is interesting, cf. 1. 7 and 1. 16. We 

 meet the same use in No. Ill : 1. DingirMn-din-dugga 2. amanin 3. dam 4. ff. . . . . 3 f. e. Lugal-shirge 2. f.e. 

 nam-ti 1 f. e. dam- dumu-na-da, a-mu-shub. 



' "The king finished the place" = Sharru-manzazu-ushaklil. 



3 Or Lugal- si-kisal, i. «., "The king is the builder of the terrace," Sharru shapikkisalli. From the close connec- 

 tion in which Lugal-kigub-nidudu, who left many fragments of vases in Nippur, stands with Lugal-si-kisal on PI. 37, 

 No. 86, 11 f. e. — 1, I am inclined to regard them as father and son. Cf. also No. 89. 



4 Cf. Hilprecht, Recent Research in Bible Lands, p. 67. 



5 Cf. already Amiaud in The Babylonian and Oriental Record I, pp. 120 ff. On the reading of Sugir instead of Girsu 

 cf. also Hommel, Oeschichte, pp. 290, 292, 296, etc., and Jensen, in Schrader's K. B. Ill, part 1, pp. 11 f. (note). 



6 With George Smith, Amiaud, Hommel and others (against Lehmann, Shamashshumukln, p. 73). That Agade 

 can go over into Akkad philologically, I can prove from other examples. But even if this was not the case, the clear 

 statement of George Smith (cf. Delitzsch, Parodies, p. 198) should be sufficient. I cannot admit the possibility of a 

 original mistake on the part of George Smith. Master in reading cuneiform tablets as he was, he could not have made 

 a blunder which would scarcely happen to a beginner in Assyriology. 



'That Akkad became finally identical with "the Babylonian empire in its political totality and unity," was dem- 

 onstrated by Lehmann, I. c, pp. 71 ff. 



