THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. | 77 
— matter of of primary consideration how the animals woun be of especial advantage, as affording a vastly extended 8 the advantage to the labourer in increased ann 
— — 
1 employment 
eans of employment, In the commonest process of breakin the i annual. employ 
nd by what management. I shall now ap, considerable labour is required, The pay advanta: = to the lan di head of an iner st 4 8 pre 1 2 
* ee by the growth of Linseed and green | however, is in the regular daily labour or be done throughout | N acre, and to the publie au addition of 37 1 of 
Italian Rye-grass, Rye, Turnipe, Man- the year. And the more cultivated a distr rict becomes, the | beef and 106 bushels of corn » over that produc y pasture 
Kohl Kabi, and Cabbages, all of which can be | more active, intelligent, and happy the labourer. I find that We now a to the practice of breaking-up. The first o evar: 
i district, They will come in for use if Mr. Bravender, in the Journal of the Royal Agricultural So- tion, of e e, is to have the Janu thoroughly 2 It 
anaged as folloga: . and sg Se ran ety na mi r r ar that arg is in Great Britain would be of nelle benetit z convert it into arable land without 
ips; December an anuary, ips an our millions of acres of pasture land, at present emplo ing | draining, which is the foundati goo — 
u bel Pebrua ary an nd March, Swedes and Mangold 43,470 men; and that if the four million Pe acres werd hg whic phd cence skill, — * 5 m * ei a qpe t 
April and May, Swedes, Kohi Rabi, Rye, and Tares ; | verted into arable, they would empley 174,000 men. The dif. | seems t o be now an establish a yok amongst 55 th the b bese 2 
Italian Kye-grass, Clover , and spring Vetches ; ference in favour of arable would be 130,580, as the additional tical authorities, that paring and burning, followed bya Tar nip 
Se Ba Vetch second cut of Clover ee after numbe of men likely to obtain permanent employment by rop, is the most immediately a permanently protitable, It 
N A and Vet ; Liuseed all t e | breaking up is to extent, and this without ig any- pa been proved by chemical investigation that the eas oc 
ö e ground whieh thin hatever for the labour of ining, which would, ac- | sioned by paring and rely t emporary, 
1 will, under aa management pon . , feed cording to his e e, be required on three-fifths of the fou the benefit is permanent both t 
Sarge the whole year round, if they are kept i in the house and million of ac es; and to do it in a substantial mauner, would | and even vegetable wealth of the 8 The mode — ed í on 
fed according to the system pursue by Mr. Warnes, of Trin cost 4l. per acre in manual labour, This would require the | the Whitfield farm was After the drainage ws the land, half 
12 bich I had the honour of bringing before the notice sum of 9 „600,00 f. to be expended, the whole of which would of it was ploughed up before u pag an 
ingham, ae tyear. A system that is now universally acknow pass thr rough the hands ot the da boure Thi ld 1 th ig h fo 2 red and. burnt 
of the Club last yea x . ourer, is would employ | in the spring; the form was 1 855 . with 
the first agriculturists 5 the present day, to be the | 320,000 men for 12 months, tes he has omitted | Oats; the latter was repa ae 10 T Th 
ee and best method of col assuming | cattle food. The | the additional hands that Puty be routed by the introduc- fertility naturally aft sing ip the ved — he element of 
manure produced by one ot the nape equal to | tion of the pla an of “box x-feeding,” which would ine evitably the first crops, and thus su ced, free of ne to start that 
as produced by three pastured in d kept badly | force its ay into practice; so thatit would 1 © Over-rating | system of a alternate husbandry i in full vi gour, which, more than 
i wita straw, and only fed — hay. aid Turn 8. II. the number of additional hands veqatned to put them down at | any other nane 
. three may be provided with food in the house all the 200,000 men, who, with their families, would probably amount Every other year, for a Jonger or shorter period, since every 
round, from ground that will as feed one under r pat- | to 1, 000,000, I shall not occupy your time by endeavouring to | field in the farm — borne a crop of eat, and on the alter. 
esummer, and if one animal sofed i impr ss upon you the importance of causing a steady and per- nate years the cro s hav > t 9 
inthe & y p $ p e been a paor reason of Clover, Turnips, 
as much manure ee 1 3 ie see nr by adopt. aoe eee a for labour, but merely to call your atten- | Carrots, Mango old Wurzel, and Pot The root crops have 
this plan we would be able to keep three in the of ton to the following point :—The average outlay cf manual | been for tl buildin s, and there con- 
Apati ave nine Cages as sp sh manure by this 8 as labour on Grass land does not exceed 5s. per acre. The cost of | sumed with straw, , by cattle, sheep, ‘ed * The inte, thus 
qe would by the system at present pursue in this district, of manual labour on a well-cultivated arable farm will exceed 305. manufactured is either carried out, as it is made, to the tields ; 
g half-starved Saale, picking up a scanty l Per acre—in many cases 40s. per acre; so that the labour laid | on whi ch, d „it will be used or to grr l 
2 bour day and night, exposed to the scorching | out in the cultivation of arable land, at the lowest cost, is | tions near th ne hquid manure ‘tank, where it ‘im J be properly 
zun ot summer and the cold nights. We are all aware shat about six times more than is expended on Grass. This fact manu fact ured, About 3000 c annualiy ap- ; 
most of the fertilising properties of the dung of cattle that are | alone is sufficient, with an increasing population of 400,000 an- It is not only made from the coh- 8 
— gastured in the elds, are dissipated by atmespheric influences, | nually, to outweigh every objection. The advantage to the mption roth roots and straw, but large quantities of oileake 
0 that, in fact, th derives comparatively little or no country from the breaking up of Grass land, would undoubt- Oats, Linseed, an å B e also consumed, and tbese, no 
] benefit from it. a re ee ee to prove that such an ele rge and eee increased supply of food. Mr. oubt, add m ichness. The annual — — of 
is rendered worthless by the influence of the sun and ravender, in PASS ing estima 8 — 2 fertilising matter ensures 3 crops of roots and 
| dung eed, the rank and coarse herbage produced on that a fourth of the four million acres of Grass land that may straw—it ensu 8 tha t oe which the farm ap — nds for the re- 
ich animal will eat, is a sufficient proof. be broken = would be planted with Wheat every year; but applicati r of an equal randy of manure, The 
fessor Johnston, in speaking upon soilirg, says, It is er- been the rig side, „ he assumes that one-half would be 5 system thus maintai us iteelf; it was set agoing without much 
) sally ack hat soulng is 42575 1 n than a four- five-course shift. He expence, and it Sonta within it the elements e 
è; that an acre of m W, tor example, will feed more t th f the fi at 32 bushels, and that | establishment.” n canno conclude this paper without express- 
stock if the Gr. ss be cut and given to the cattle und cover, of the latter at 24, pe — a gener ral a rage of 28 bushels per = my firm opinion that will nl er arrive this 
: be turned out to erupit for themselves, he} acre. This would give 900,000 additional acres of Wheat, pro- ntry to that | his rh state of im rovement of which it is 
A s s : p g pre c 80 
difference is very easily accounted for. In the first place, cattle | ducing annually 3,150,000 quarters, which would be more than capable, wa h break up a age portion of our Grass 
are knowa to ent less—indeed all animals do so—when they are | sufficient to Supply the deficiency of our home growth of this | land „ an ange our present w. ed system of futtening 
kept open air = 5 of natural exercise. In| grain, pee reckoning the beef, mutton, green, and other ttle, ro ed and various opinions 
the same circumstances also, they fatten more quickly, and in- | & uch facts as these speak volumes in favour of the} expressed STEPHENSON, of Thr ockley, was afraid thut the 
erpase in weight more rapidiy, in proportion to the food they | conversion of a considerable portion of the land into | subject was one upon which the landlord and the tenant would 
In the second place, the qua tity of Grass produced by a/ a e farmer would undoubtedly have many ad- be along time in co the same way of thinking.—Mr. 
Sg <n in * num , is less when it vantages, In the first place, a 1 ogian and other green | B sks of Seaton Delaval Hall, could h rdly be expected to- 
comes forth than after it is so advanced t rds | fallow crops aw, and corn, will asons, by good | coincide in the views of th rthy secretary, when he stat 
„It is when the leaves are fully expanded that it is | cultivation, grow when the natural 8 will not, 80 as to that he was laying out ut 31 cre for 96h 8 to lay do 
ent fro e atm e him ed his cattle so muc er, au reater | land to Gr: ecause he had too muchin tillage. His opinion 
w the largest supply of nourish fi the at enable him to feed h ttl h bett d with great t b he had h lage. His op 
sphere in a given time, and consequently to incre e | rapidity; and by pursuing the system of house eeding, he will | was 2 2 8 too much land broken u til 
weig But when cattle are turned into pasture, it increase pre quantity and quality of his — ure heap, which allo be broken befi th 4 t till 
i ; ; e 2 1 i p, before the present tillage 
13 shoots which they delight to crop—cuiting them | supplies t e very essence required by the crops. ie should land — “properly cultivated, would be Moolieh. — Thet 
fore they have attained to their most rapid period of | always bear in mind the old ada ge, that **muck is the} CHAIRMAN’S experience was quite opposed to Mr. Glover’s 
rowth. But if the whole be cut down and soiled, the stock | mother of money.” His poor and Pher rates would be} theory, the Whitfield farm, it proved n no more then this, 
no such choice, they must eat the whole Grass as it is | reduce by employing the surplus poor; he would be en- that a wilderness had been converted, 
th nd the aa shoots int id have leisure to | abled to pay his landlord a higher rent, wh iviug | capital, into a productive g —Mr. s observed, that n 
= grow again before the scythe returns to cu tm | permission to p Grass land, draining and other over’s views had not been shown to be in error, but only A 
n a second t may be stated, as the result of an ex- | permanent 8 —— is justly entitled to demand an i ae the capitul was wanting to ca i 5 
periment actually made in one the southern gar „ with | creased revenue. those matters resolve themselves int: LOVER, after w ply, proposed th . 
An acre and a half of d Clover, that p — mile ws were fed pounds, — and 1 we will take first the produce of . — Tha members of this Club consi highly 
the p ays, each cow being 7 1 8 with wee mutton, r four years, from an acre of such | desirable to break up Grass lands in this district, as they bes 
lbs, of Vlover daily making i in er 334 tons of produce from | land as will let i om this ‘istrict for 30s. per acre, and will feed | lieve that if such permis ere given, und estric- 
acre land in the 64 days, e Glasnevin | 2 50 stone beast. to increase 12 stones at 7s. per | tions ios would encourage good farming throughout the district 
ee? m, where the 5 or ses feeding i is pur- | Stone, will leave a mst 4s., to which we will add 18 ibs. | as r would ble to fatten a greater number of 
ai rom 16} English acres, from the 4th April | of mutton, at 7d. per pound, equal 108. 6d., and 7 Ibs. of wool, cattle, and increase his eof ta the value of his land, the supply 
ugust, 1844, m cows, one bull, six you at ls. per pound, equal to 78., m t heep, during the | of food, and the — of labour.“ —Mr. Rosson ‘objected $ 
iiag = ie Me pony, besides two-thirds of an acre of autumn and winter, Total, 57. 1s. 6d. per acre tor one — — 1 eee recommended by Mr, Glover, because it could Po 
Sold for 13%., aud 28 tons of hay put into stack. so th P for y e carried ou 0 give. a tenant leave to break knp Grass Jand 
; Doner. Mr. Huxta ee eup the whole Ki the Grass land Creditor, was neither me gee pe d, m leave to takea few 
under Bi plore ee ad 35 neres A s, 10 on = only 48 stones of beef, at 7s, per stone. ..£1616 0 of 2 po tillag : leaked and Ern. if ta it in — end te trong a 
. SEPN ì e occupation 2 
; me Supported 14 dairy cows, and grew 40 b. bushels of Wheat 28 — a woul, ie? 15 i Fib, = y a: 2 is i 3 0 the followin 1 {Thee is ‘not desirable 3 
; dbe Whee of 1 8 nnually produces 1600 7 cas St e oe ae som ump up bee — of average or cm — 
ea cattle, cows, yearlin 55 Bn bd f Re Es 0 5 are e yin this district; while, at the same time, such lan 
fapio, ne and 80 pigs are fattened ; andi saad oF only cok hes cater 8 erie 55 erntet of the increased attention: and improvement of 
X ae te labourers an nda he now employs 12 all the a on E 2 . l 10 0 e tenants generally.“ — Mr. Ramsay understood. Mr. Glover 
i em ae st en change our present system, and Rater ena taxes, at it 3s. in the pound 0 8 to eee, e 1 on the gouna that it gah goer advan- 
the four woh . mr ue Labour r% nee ri 2 ene alk it save otherwise, it would ot be srk foro —— in 
„ , increase 8 
pa ne ud, increase the 5 Tor labour—all A Expense for one yea j -El 1 2 6 their deliberat ow, in this of the country, 
Before vont to eutitle this question to ou fous attention. | E for fi oe Geet were various, and many of them mach too cold; and wh 
entering furth xpense for four reste oe 9 . 718 0 j 
: ut bein, E rther upon this subject, I wish to guar 3 0 very ms in one district would not do at all in 
pany A 4 fant 3 for breaking up al Grass Profit for four years 0 2 e ro = 3 i must — ee e- 34 
‘WO feet. 4% up those exceeding an elevation of We shall now take the roduce of what one acre of 4 ch ap wi e state of farming In this: neighbour ee ee, 
On such 1 a 
to tha ands I would breed, and sell th the first questions put by a farmer, when making inqu 
the „ e cattle Ne may be made to produce during a four-course shift, if broken q TE 
l er the ae, = be fattened, Id n about a farm was, whether it co prised any old Grass 
t wou up, thoroughly drained, “highly cultivated, and the system of pet ; 
eal grasses above the ‘height | bon téedin land. If it did not, he would not go to look at it. If 
g pursue A : 
8 exceedingly difficult to bring them to Ore a g — mpana pm yet = Aa Peedi Se and 
would not been wate 0 rass land mig ispensed with; but with a fickle 
of being converted isto suet 8 : Be em wi 4 pre 78. ola ee & m 5 15 0 climate and varying seasons it could not de done vian 
nor do I advocate breaking up ail l acre of Barley, producin 5 50 bushels, ‘at 38. Gd. per Last season, for instance, what would they have done w os wae 
t once—it shouid be done gradually, bushel : . 8 15 0 “ripe od Grass in th t 2 Mr. Glover's —— 
ar, until the whole was broken up. ; upon int e neig — of a large town, where: 
e breaking up ot their grass is nds, z pat Saf sai ofh iay n . > Breen, 14 0 0 1 TS gene whee ate cultivation of the soil was 
em “run out,” and very Jeny 80, | 1 acre of Oats, producing 56 bush els, at 3s ee bush. 8 8 0 e gardening vine ordinary tillage ; but system, to be 
given the lands have been com. x 8 N ati 8 8 must be adapted to fair farming; and 
8, such as three or fi } > he must say, for his part, as a practical farmer, that he knew 
s, and then Whe s vur corn rops Total produce for four F £16 eee get on without old Grass land. And until 
8 
n; that is a system I have hanta Turnip, Mangold Wurzel, seed per acre .. £0 0 e landowners were prepared s grant — Mr. Glover’s 
8a, ‘ y ec 
at last fates Hates 858 ee age FFF per acre, 38, 6d, per 1 lit was very © site ates via bad . said on all sides, thas 
n , eded failures, the ushe 010 6 c 4 
to 3 novated. cannot be | Clover, 14 ibs. at 10s. Tratin Bye-grass, 3 when mas only o he cle 3 * bert ; $ 
R sed by the landowners, when we } bushel, at Ae bushe 015 6 endment 8 8 . 
tem pursued. But if the land, after Oats, seed, 6 bu hels per ‘acre, at: 2555 per 8 2875 —ů ‘ 
th fairness, and each year half bushel ae K 018 6 E ; 
Es ruew, be made to produce crops i — Misc ellaneous. 2 A 
5 ity emer fer ne Expense of seed for four yek" 2. 2 7 0 Best method of biting meat.—If the flesh intended. 
Tien alt e in speaking of the Rent per acre ee fen Be be saton be. in ree res di the boilin 
ine the tan Grass land has b 2 and e, at 2s. in the pound per water is in a state of be “ek 3 4 i g 
* Aan ee Pigus of x. TET) be kept up for some minute soi cold water 
reased in richness. Tis nee’, ew | Labour eee added as 5 reduce the tempera of tie e ito rge 
. greatest fault now Saddler — blacksmit, %;ĩð» 90 10 0 
aden to the Mandel. being converted Horse keep, per acre e at acr ee tee or 158°, the whole kept at 1 tempera 
\ to the land, has been year by Interest on K. laid out by’ jandiond för some jedi all the conditions are 15 d whieh pien 
„We ite e èr ee pate 3 se draining, &c., at 6 per cent. 5 acre. .. 0 8 6 the flesh the quality best adap to its use as food 
meet the - 
3 in part seeding our Rye | Expense for one YORE wa tte we a eTa hen it is introduced inte * 1 water, “the 
g crop ot in place of a — — 
Expense for four years . 
to nish th 5 4185 in this state forms a crust or — which no longer 
ur Wheat cron f. cy to grow [Bode a cee Bee a 
ermits the external water to pene ae the ey 
hae 1 ts Moog! ave brought | Total expense for four years on arable Jand .. 27 17 0 | of the mass of flesh. But the tempe 
2 
austed tera the land, after — ty mee fe to the * y there potent the a con- 
ase in iri, and pony man- Profit on arable A tor four years .- ++ .. 19 1 0 version of the raw flesh into the f or 
xt have to contesa, RA 5 Ditto grazing. „12 8 0 ons ed è "The esh retains its juiciness, and is 
ast ac ae i 
i m — 
ty, la accumulatio ns of manure : Difference i in favour of ta, land for four years .. 613 0 quite as agreeable to the taste as it can 
ict, The landlord would 18 no itto for one 1 as i i 
e brea unques- In the aboy tor lations I have all owed the: same amount for i n d 
d'a Rieker n 5 5 renting up up of the Grass land, he above calcula at for the mass is retained, under these e 
labour each year, although the working of the Turnip land will ae reflect that the albumen of th of 
To the la abourer the farmer would be better cost more, but the expense upon the Clover will be rifling; so flesh. "R POS SOAS r e juiceof 
the breaking u up of Grass land that one will ee eee tua other. The calculations show | flesh begins to coagulate ata temperature of 105 5% and 
