91818. ' THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. sas 
bad as many as 50 verg „o part | you the expence of this ‘system. As the labourers are | readers of the 
Bao tet I do not keep any through the paid here, it is the practice to put 8 score rods (of 53 it has got a fai Pg dg a Gazette of the result after 
of the month My cows are kept entirely in-doors, | yards) in each aere, and the men are paid so much per I much regret not explainin 
have a small green n paddoc or airing score rods, the price varying from 3s. to 5s. per se of August last, whilst treating u 
1 * back of the stalls pai which hey and I have heard of a rid farmer giving no more than the layi ying out of which must be ruled by the 
ground a ed at night during the e r, an nd for | 2s. 6d., but he ought to ha Boeing, 11 What he papa features of the e and its rocky parent unde 
turn n the day during the: serials and | earn at that price himself, hake 8. s'te ann These 3 matters must be minutely exam load. pri 
when the per 2 = too unfavour- | for digging and fi ling up, and as it is a of the see in the first place and ascertain the true formati k 
no , Of course, com- e in this eounty to drain a posted patie of the | of and various positions of the different ki nds of aag 
able. urchase 5 3 Tea i do in the shape | farm every year ; the tenant does not think of its lasti ing | the strata of which are all lyin g either horizontall 1 
ee and which, at 2s. 6d. per waggon load, s á more pte 12 or 15 ye ars, this partly 93 1 0 for the more or less inclined, in beds upon each other ana 
of sa Seal cheaper than straw at 40s. per ton, and little use of pipes or tiles. I will giv u the different whatever thickness any bed of rock be at its edge, it is 
— better. All my manure is ways of covering them in at another aig The broad | in every instance the same thickness throughout. : 
e floor on erste z une being | spade is about 11 inches in length in the blade, and| The dipping or slanting of the inclined rock is most 
ed of gas tar, ka. „ no liquid e any 4 inches wide, made two edged, but not more than a 4 | various, some dipping to one point, and more to other 
oer 1 big "prevented by a drain tlk gers liquid of an inch thick at the centre. The narrow spade is | directions. However this ma be, it is the pery of 
he same length in the blade, but only about 2} inches | those engaged 2 their lands to find out, and when 
"ie a pursue the system of Shisha 3 wide at the AH tapering to 14 inch at the point, fully satisfied as to the lie of the rock, they can with 
Italian be grass and Mango old Wurz : with early | itis made with both edges cutting, and very strong. ‘Each entisfartion alae with their operations. The drains 
j between the rows as just described, aai I | spade has a rest for the foot fixed on a ring that slides in all cases to be opened at right angles with those of 
find a better I 3 or till the land appears = 4 sick of up and down the handle, and of course Lar si thening | the rock lines, or ata very slight slanting with them 
erop, which I hope may not be the ce Upon 3 fe handle fits 5 80 the blade.— Z. X, near should want of fall or the like demand it: should the 
bi ten my e leads me to anticipate chat Brar F and intended to be drained rest upon horizontal beds 
obtain rom £ n 
= 
rove mo 3 
bg into * 200 ect of roots and 200 tons HINTS ON AGRICULTURE, tual, to be opened slanting the declivity of the Ka 
of Italian Rye-g r annum, in addition to the six) Tne Editor's late appeal to his correspondents on | In many parts of a country the rock lies too deep for 
acres of et tig e 3 Feb. 14 5 and the remarks made upon subsoiling by inspection; where such is the case the face of gravel 
C. Wren Hoskyns, Esq., addressed to the farmers of | pits, or any other deep cutting, &e., can be examined 
SSEX DRAINING. 11 orofordehine, has hurried me in making the following | these will show how the beds of clay are placed > 
PeRcrrviNG that you in ntend giving a series of poate observations. Mr. H. wil find, by a reference to my the bottoms of brooks and rivulets are good places for 
g. I will give you a description of it as prac- paper — that subject, which appeared in the last | Showing up these things, Having completed opening a 
a Seow Hin Ss compres clue thst Casey my, apa a Oi rope dp Sep rad er le 
squ 3 5 i 
war k in 
8. 
5 
E 
we 
0 
®© 
© 
n 
— 
= 
© 
un 
=| 
77) 
© 
— 
oe 
© 
g+ 
3 
oO 
m 
2 
— 
5 
oO 
g 
1 
s 
N 
=- 
= 
E 
— 
— 
5 
as 
— 
E 
= 
— 
E 
mn 
E 
g 
= 
®© 
w 
5 
Qa 
* 
2 
5 
® 
5 
* 
5 
E 
2 
5 
— 
75 
. 
ro d ospl j le 
is generally a poor stiff sihh pa retentive of mois an action in general are powerful and effective agents in and well burned, and not less than a 2 inch bore, are 
that in a wet season the w a r will stand for thre rendering inflexible soils quite mellow and friable by safe things to be applied in an underground drain. Tiles 
months in the print of 8 foot o not mean to pulverising, absorbin ng, and carrying off all noxious sub- with soles safer than the former sort, being open at 
ay that there is not some good light sey in this bag stances therein contained. Such changes as these are ad- | Sides and ends. In both these articles I should strongly 
trict, but it is like “ angel’s visits—few and far bet vancing ones, which must tend to enrich the most sterile | recommend putting at least 6 inches deep of well broken 
system of draining as followed here has je in | soils. CalGivation and nature are in this case truly com- | clean stones over the pipes and tiles, otherwise well 
vogue more oe years, as I have seen the entry of | bined, each performing vie intended duties by assisting | Screened gravel ; and over this broken stones and gravel 
the expense of it in an old account book, and I believe | and 3 other. With respect to depth of trench- | should be placed a coating not less than 6 inches deep 
that if it was “en an additional spit an it would be | in g, lin that paper su ggested waste land to be pars of the most retentive bottom clay, well tramped and 
1 drain; but there is no chance of that up w ia. err and cane) 18 inches deep. I again | sealed Bagg e up, in order to ot capt any dirty 
for the next 50 years, though there are some farmers state that the system therein — of Poise the fiel r from entering the Ret top. Stone 
who will go that depth in a field of mixed soil, it is no work as a general one, is an eco cal p it A av are lasting things w ‘anes en in proper 
use arguing the point as regards the clay, and one is in the first place turns up the £ aE k a N Ber of way that is by oh side the erent rg vied with a 
> b Then whe in d 
| always brought up to it, how can you or any of those | this portion of soil and subsoil were sufficiently enriched | of broken stones fect m the pipe, 2 well sealed 8 
i who write in newspapers know better than me ? by improved stimulated cultivation, a second portion | top o of the stones with 6 inches deep of tenacious clay. 
i I never believe anything I hear in them, and | can with ease be by the plough brought up, and so on All field rn! shou ave at bottom a conduit or 
i orse trench ploughs to be ruled 
_ Smithfield when I have got either bullocks, or sheep, zeae tothe depth of 1 foot 6 inches so broken up at | according ye pe ent of land each drain has to 
or fat pigs, and if those who spend their time in| the first course of tr enching. Dat should the capital keep free of R water; having these openings 
anything else to do, and did it, ee T the improver, whether landlord or occupier, be | properly executed throughout a field of drainage, 
would not be the harm done there is. What business | suitable to break, and open up the subsoil to a will perform their purpose admirably, both as attracting 
bas a gentleman or 9 to know what an acre of greater extent in depth, say to that of 24 or 26/ receivers, and carry in off the water most freely. 
roduce?” What hope is there with such inches, this would most decidedly be a much | These also act in another way, viz., by a dmitting air, 
impressions as these on the mind of a man of his fol- better course of proceeding, and amore effectual i im- which causes a powerful suction (or air draught), 
lowing out those improvements which have taken place provement than 18 inches, suggested by me in that 3 the whole waterworks, sweeping water and all 
in icultural werld within thesé 20 years? an aper. The view of this sort of deep working was one of | dirt before it, at a rapid pace, and at the same time 
us hope, owever, that thou gh the improvemen nt m my principal reasons for recommending all field drains acting as its own cleanser, eve principles are j 
be slow, it will nevertheless be awh either in this to be opened from 42 to 48 inches in depth, in order | that give the pipe-drains (whether tiles or stone pipes) 
* r the next. I have no doubt that with that they should be now, and hereafter, a sufficient the pre-eminence and superiori ity one the close field 
the depth I have mentioned, and apes depth and quite safe from the progress and attacks of drainage, executed with small or broken stones alone, In 
Bef an not done a at all here), the T would be in a all future tillage by a more enlightened race. The these the water can only get off at avery slow, filtrating 
enn 
rese 
is termed here, Land-ditching, is 5 85 next N as à matter of course, and also without steam to give and force it into 
i a made expressly for the purpose, | will know more, by baving their own discoveries, in ad- | motion, these cannot be of long duration, as every land 
gh mould-board and wide share, made | dition to * our ee aad late 5 improved inventions, flood will leave more or less filtky stuff deposited in 
sometimes as many as six horses are recorded i in volumes before them them, pora erer : nip stage nearer their last. The 
t generally 4; this turns out a furrow of 6 t adopted, has above stated pipe s are two channels (in one), 80 
3 the l il is then shovelled out; the | not as yet ana ata perfect state. 1 know in the first | should i ka occur es es 2 e the pie» . more 
gius by orgia broad spade at the | instance, that the two-horse plough used in opening the | to fail by accidental cause or otherw 
w, and wi is foot upon the rest furrow before the other is too small to make a suffieient Opening is here placed d ready 0 supply i k 8 
ground to its full length, at the same opening, both in regs and a for the subsoil plough Land drainage is a branch of science in itself foun 
ds his body, thus cutting it from the | to follow. In order to make a ular, upon a knowledge of geology, the art of which is the 
then he cuts the scp side in a similar | a largar r sort 3 A 5 A of four-horse power, | Sure gu r frame-work of the husbandman’s fut 
otherwise three abreast, which would open out a proper | prospects. Its action in changing tenacious clay 
n | chan final: ‘aid not less than 12 inches deep, for the other is astonishing and gamma 5 a up 
ct 
e+ 
EY 
a 
‘= 
D 
2 
8 
E 
fd 
"H 
= 
mn 
5 8 
E 
. 
j 
f 
Cc 
5 
n 
= 
to follow with 12 inches more in depth. 8 fiss 
be adopted, and let not things of this sort be left in the | porous and giving it in all s BER fan ; 
background for a future race of le to accomplish, | air and access to every atmospheric soe as 
eep ros 
E “ Surface or hi rking is most cer no heat and cold, frost and rain, with their stimulating 
Whe g longer answerable to the dema an increasing | and no hing effects, to in fe wae . th 
= the loose an alf-starving population. Skill, with better T ges may not take place at once ræ e 
is gene y economy, must increase likewise, > pi * to ea aang b at iy DAR we ae the sie i will show, 
a1 : the demands at least, or in advance of them if it an 
his ng re ; let us then use our instruments thoroughly, and | did the first ; the third year more than the e, and 
-Works hig os oot still on the rouse from a state of slumber t so onward. The over o 238 . 3 
OR ve ndicularly into the soil at the — whieh will supply ag surface with fresh vigour, and | water by effectual drainag 3 st level, bit 
-Bi tool bon n drain, then he pushes the handle of | additional vegetative powers, and linger not without | can never get over or rise higher © be ¢ > 
: taken ont, ao which cuts the top of the piece to be | breakin ng up what lies under the flesh, viz., the bone, circulate thereby and eg its way 0 aai 
A the bo = pulls it towards his body and thus and test its marrow in every sense of the word. These drains. us water pure 5 9 ou 
Ses 8 so on the other side and down the horse e [the Pn irag ba can be also i oa aby land drainage in co-ope 8 on together. roles ace 
ee out ags and with a similar action to a lever, he so as to pen r depth in the ground. | water, in its descent through the land to rsin 
* xan not this time shaped like a The clumsy broadet uo must e e eee, through all the land fissures, tending to 
rere. Sig 3 it is this ba These placed as | moisten and fe ‘sub. 
eee e anes abe arabe ate di e e Pei a ee a oe pes Sh 
„which on the end of a stick an old tin lumber, being a most oppressive pull = =e drag leaves deposited cage Fe aging Bie root 
ke dips into the pail of water, taking upon the working cattle. I have late tely ordered one Grasses, plants, &e., 805 a it by a 3 
5 er tk ia ; f S reh n — ry of | respecting the best depth of drains, an eir 5 
Paul and Vincent, Dublin, which will be in apart, is already before the pu I again state tay 
tio fore the end of this month, and reap inches deep me > oe tepari = suitable to 
ill gi its performance, | the drainage of much land; in deep and 
t cleaned ein db eee hero roiak wth ga Reba pital cree although 1 ball loek foe 40 foot apart sn ane oan Tho latter . 
wed as far regards hoe, the drain is now at least 4 inches of extra depth over the others ers by the | ue arar nea gen bor ee 
Hoe 
