212 THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE. 
eart tional outlay for drains and pipes, though, in a flat pe 1 
of his h have not been qui ite correct, In justice P the estate, wher re the contfall could not “command a 
executed, it would be unwarrant: table 
opinion as to their efiiciency ; but some express an any 
the igen I am able to say that for cart-horses, cows 
rs, heifers, and pigs, I have for years past of 54 feet; this 
FFT uniform dept 
d 
calves, ever, was in porous in 5 esr 
ee la | Simson made 8 ar reference to one ka at iteort * 
found it "io o be * table, Sp 1 where the 8 gy set a 
— 2 4 fee 
out by Mr. Par 
at variance with | what he co 1 ats, how. 
the proper 
- sie 
Sorieties. 
ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY or ENGLAND. 
A Weexty Covuncit was held at the Society’s House nhs some, and though Mr. 
in Hanover-square on Wednesday ar the 22d March : diate success, eee n Sra Pe 
Mr. Raymonp Barker, in the chair; Sir John tion, and not a drop of water has been lodged on thes surface. 
| contain od fa arge masses of ston 
Whey were told that on al sil, whether n 
dry clay, sand, gravel, or moss, a ther muirband, t or stig 
; the sub- oil consiated A we pes drains is stipulated fo for, and a minimum dist epth of 4 feet 
apart, although drains 3 feet deep had been trig ant Of 36 feet 
; the drains were ad ecess that a Peng had been made from » With such 
n, and labour ol i 8 ie the principle laid dow hile, inser he di if strictness of 
ha Simson and Pa Par —4 as to the distance at “at ered with Mr. 
s did not contemplate m 101 rains ought 
ost satisfactory ; | hitherto, i in our Sy stem of fur row v draining, ve nadors aa 
in 
present— 
Johnstone. Bart. M.P., Mr. Bramston, M.P., Dr. Cal- zee materials used at Piteorthi 
ert, m i 
Che rom It. 
i š 2 oses ; in some cases 1 — 2 of supp! 
Mr. Fisher Hobbs, Mr. R. Jennings, Mr. Kinder, Fine ted and doles wave uaed, The pipes 
M. P 
Mr. Majendie, Mr. Miles, M.P , Dr. Newington, Mr. | cure . alah oe rings. 
ar Simon N. 
ie were pipes, va 
according to their ain erent pur- | ju 
expens. sive materia al; but uppose t 
drains and discus apart toould te ia ean A a iform dept g 
ust be as reaso onable as that a uniform mod de rie oils, would 
croppisg would be 3 to N without pa f working ut 
2 to the nature of the subject you u had to d paying anyat, 
result he his experience had been 1, that while may be necs The 
i ; tured by Messrs. Linden, of Rirmingham in or Prone.) 
Parki f e; Mir: occ Pea, iai * Messrs. Redpath and Brown, of Edinburgh, drains k e put in to the depth of fo our, five, o E even ig that 
Tull, Mr. Thomas Turner, wee ro ay, and | of the work was executed under circumstances the most un- object was generally effected by dr ains j. feet in de a feet, the 
a We . puar able in point of ae from the time at wh 48 oak apar rt. being regulated by the nature of th 1 y = 
z ehi h rice of labour nd the difficult R of when 3 
The following new members Webb Soyer . | th AEA er, includin soil and pee to a reasonable depth, hg meant thar both the 
Webber, Thomas, Escott T.odge 1, Dev that for carriage, amounted i: 31. 178. per Si manently oF that is to say, that no more water sh dered per, 
Reddaway, Jonn, Inwood-Leigh, W Der von „etham, e property o of a mitted to remain in the soil Ano what it is capable of be per. 
Deane, George, King William-street. City ot London Simson’s, with results iad Satisfactory, but 9555 and although it may perhaps be imposs ible, 4 abort. 
Beck, John, jun., Congham, Castle-Rising, Lynn, Norfolk greater ease and at less expense, owing to the m rainage, to prevent water running on the A t y ordi, 
Deane, John; King William-street, City of London nature of the at and loca lity. Mr. Simson, on the whole, ex- very hea avy rain or tte melti ng of heavy. falls © surface during 
Milne, David, ee Edinburg h 2 sses himself as sufficiently imbued with the spirit of deep cise rey Jet 80 
Hubberety, John, C. E., 34. Blandford. square, 8 draining to 8 end a uniform depth ot feet, an and u urd imp e pie Nth lays T hata PA 
Jordan, Francis, ' Easton. Bridlington, Yorkshir: ants, who, 8 frst eee and d ha d put in p 9 10 ipn ‘this by "dra placed 36 or even 30 fee ot been 
Mac Lean, Allan, M. D., Colchester, Essex differe ent opinions, were A a 00 4 Wed se en the 5 made by drains 4 feet ‘tie placed E 
t Dickson, Saughton Maius, sal and 30 apar rt, o by rains 3 feet dee 
1 s 8 — sad election at the that when in the ati sr sod of Pite ‘orthie in October last, apart, b ‘as — 
next e aay were then rea wi | question ably, in every one cof a e W 
Dr. 8 a Member of the So- ing on ge and he though t muc ch w was due to Mr. ‘Simson for of water was 9 off by the Medan. and the land aiy 
DısBBLING.— 
ciety, residing at Knowle Park, near Tonbridge-wells 
the Soci i d 
stem. 180 of 
ety one of the Economic “we 8 Mr. 1 tands ee well adapted ior the . of 
2 Machines of his Pepe and favoured the | deep drainage. i But he did, not agree with those 
i that any N epth can 
2 n that occa asion with an explan nation a what subsoils, and he must say ds all 
he un ied e its peculiar q ll as | very opposite conclusion, namely, that the 
with a detailed statement of the satisfactory 3 in and the distance between them, m e regulated 
the econo y of i ar roper positio $ naty re of toe to and subsoil. He fre t) 
me ery s Ho See Te Wie 
s he observed, a considerable portion 
xed as suitable for all soiis a 
A i n 
in his opinion w ould be found to attend its use. He 9 to suit the varieties of the — IG 
call f 
e 
also ed thoir attention to 80 e 2 ‘rent Hos hag objected to th t, o 
eee n the of p, for the | Which he had often heard siated, that the 
ws 
ti . + | get into the dr the surface, for he had no fear for 
purpose of ar the ray ingress o “atmospheric such a result; but as he found it to be i pg on a large 
air, and thus accelerating = decay of dead vegetable | portion of tbe lands 1 drainage, order 
ras ure, and ex a iati st e influ- thoroughly to dry them, that the distance between the drains 
on the gro nd 3 of the living plants. 80 la nor t exceed from > sibs 8 ine the 
—The thanks of the Council were voted to Dr. Newing- 8 pee the execution of the work Are He was 
ton for his attention in making this present, and in sub- aware that some parties held that every de 
mitting these statements to their notice. nN 2 at a much . EON between the drains 
A n he had stated, provi the drains 
Sutprate or Lime.—Mr. Masenvre submitted to the | deep; but he knew W c instances where d 
inspection of the Council a sample of sulphate of lime— | drained at the dept S 4 er k Es 36 feet apart, which, afte 
bstance which, in its native mineral and impure | 8°74! years’ trial, only hal 
su 
state, is well known to farmers under the name of | guisite that an addi 
gypsum or pla 
e depth 
onal drai 
in order to the completion of the drainage, it was found re- 
hvuld be pont ae 7 5 
he bad adopted Mr. Parkes’ 
much benefited, but still the soil was not brought 22 that 
previously under cultivation, and laid off in ridge 
generally Erster ed raised in the centre, he S 4 
tound it necessary to put , te ain in every t orron and if these 
be 18 feet apart, and pu o the depth of 24 feet, when the 
land is levelled the ar ains ‘will be * 3 feet i 4. de ya Mr, 
of 
, for the 
to get into or ? His rep! ly was, suppos wished to 
water along 1 Ra of : a sandy s soil, Jos e N ses 
T | pipe was equal to 1.76 square inches, sar if. eb discharge 20 of 
do s obyt the use of these „they replied, it would all 
bottom 
a dr 
into the pipes. Oh, then they say, these are far too small; 
won't carry off half the water. 2 that ba pe say is, that 
heh : mas much oor 
drain as would fill one of th re The ture of "an Tach 
these into a main drain, it would require a tile having an aper. 
sachs N pa z a inches to carry o the water, or a cir. 
tube rly 7 He cei 
rtainly would 
f 
A j A ground on each side of the cutting was laid dry for laid. a small pie f st or a little earth b ed in 
this sample of sulphate of was obtained as a refuse | feet; while in other fields, at the same depth of cutting, oe 0 f . e them shifting laterally, a 
by the tallow-chandlers in their process of making the land N dry for more vy n 8 or 10 aye 1 gl would bo formed from wy 
“ eer | obvious that the same pee of drainage could not be judi d of the drain to the other. “Be ides t the savin effected 
i pe ae * and was to na" re age at a | ciously applied in both ca He would mention a case as = } igi h fti ile p i $ 5 tiles and 
eap rate. peculiarity consisted in the minute | example uf what r 95 ye eet on the farm of Chester- | soles, a very 4 eaving was eee 4 
state of division to which its particles were reduced by | town on the estate s Largo, in the county of Fife, the suil made 1} inch pipe, 15 1 long. 20 1 mas igh 
that chemical p a condition which, it was con- lands ait depth e 97 25 feet ne ant hae met drepi ue bis b.; so that 600 tile pipes, with at 
f . . s rith an interval o eet be- igh 18} ent., 
ceived, would greatly accelerate its action when applied | twee the drains ; the sub soil i thi R s depth was a Tete ntive quails of ones w pe them, oust weigk $ Abies i * 
as a dressing for the Clover crop. Professor Way had el of r 
* 5 y P y R ay. the clusion, while he was not prepared either to jse mmend 
Mr. Majendie an analysis of this substance, | tried on ne-balf of a field 
É 8 apa: irn On getting to the depth of 3 feet the subsoil p, and 3 an 
— E as o composed as follows: 66.40 gravel and sand, in which there was an immense flow 0 Sak 
orcs 3 care 2 oe .. .. 8 und t rs result was that that portion of the eld was more 
ad pies yrs ar = en .. se s. 11.01 rages iE than the other, and at much less expens 
1 „ at 7 . t 
water an je fatty hitur 2 ** 12.86 deep ich induce o drain the remainder of his farm with 
at a future meeting, would report ye z similar system of drainage would not answer, and that i 
in distance between the drains i 
Mr. Maj 
price at w it could be obtained as an article o 
was necessary to lessen 
with tan 7a feet dee 
com- the 
Way, who was present, 3 some elde to 24 F and in others to 18, 
3 8 7 in the same county, on a neighbourin 
a. primey A aes Wee tallow | ment of the same Vind tried with the opposite result, the sub- 
ne, com posi ion l were | soil being a very retentive clay. Here one-half of 
made, boiled the tallow along uicklime, for the et and 36 feet apart, and the other 
purpose of e ing t separation ; th hé half at the dept th of 24 fort and 18 feet Aa gic gost re! result 
quicklime was! afterw wards s precipitated 3 ot = gorani, ji Tita of the 2} fe 
ie fele 
acid, and formed the sulphate of Tne i in a ale aaa: however, that time would improv 
a 
inuted state, , of which a specimen was then Sabeatited Peden. er et, tas 0 
to the Council eo Mr, Saray He regarded this drained at considerable expense 15 years 
Ke of lime as bearing the same relation to the Sequence o of the drains having been maae too” shallow, and 
common gypsu . to the common | win ee and small stones bias = 
phate 3 affurded too ready access foe. oA 
Mr. C. 1 also presented | soil and manure. Hef 
MALTESE CLOVER. 
to the Council some plants (with roots and earth ri useless, — wa 
from the seeds ats a plant known at Malta as the Sulla | and superficial 
5 bad n 3 dre cea lifted Ka re- tas 
4 . „ one re 
tached), grown in his garden at Hedingham Castle, | iiaii in this country to the general al e ait te shallow 
sys tainage was, that it had been 
or Maltese Clover. He also presented a supply of the care sè : or ena au A the tenants at their own i m 
seeds of the production in question, which he had ascer- | i V ee 
k to botani 
| have been advocated b he was petted 
| * that the more our attention is directed to the use of 
well made pipes, and to dra ssi 75 a greater 000 than ve 
have Sek 8 1 do, the would be satis- 
fi the prosperity of. its Bela Ps those who 
use of 1 inch pipes, or r draining at those. distanc apart which 
oing. 
aid that 8 seemed to he the all engrossing subjet 
of the pre ws . 8 agriculturists, aud he was n 
aware of any more deserving of the. 
sag consideration 18 practical farmers. It was quite obvious 
here were two champions in the field, one might be stye St 
— — and the other — ai eet IIe did not inter pean 
bottle-holder to either, as he was much dispose 
a the controvers N the m bore a strong res 
all domestic squabbles, ' which, when ren w 
found to arise from faults on both sides. What, ope 
— 
Seats * eimply putting to the test a small 
— system recommended by each. 5 was aur bE 
andlords would never carry on any § ene system 
wit ee, k a 
untry, and secured their ee in this, a8! it 
rea ‘found to be ne eee, in every otber impro 900 
believed, to drain properly, you n neither go too deep, 
wide, nor too shallow; and he would ask, therefore, 
8 igh to be 
rve the 
farmers should just do in ey. Mere 
nek in other matters connected mith their bus siness mae 
tained to nown to botanists as the Hedysarum | considering th ee ee sagacious = pen 
t 0 m | considering the sufficiency or r perm ency of the e P 8 
coronarium. Thanks having been ashy for these | Abe sent fey 45 soe greatly to the Dean of all parties had the ther kds „ then followed 
communications, and for presents to the library | drathare executed fn a erro toes eee d the | safe maxim,¢hat the proof of the pudding is in th 
by the Earl of Lovelace and Mr. Sandham Elly, the | clearly of opinion that tile drains, properly constru Now, it was as easy to follow pet - 
Council adjourned to Wednesday next, the 29th inst. igor outfall, wonld continue to improve in efficieney the P "dhe result, 
= gi 7 pietat he d gard to the use — pipe tile, and tile — 7 would dissipate every prejudi 
_HicHLaND AND 1 March 1: Drainage of we oh i them’ wae us 8 2 2 x y-and-bye, if desp arainiog 1 —— ig to 
Land. — Tho Secretary read a deer ee from Mr. oe of expense.” Ha would bot tae diet Wey A ihe VV 
MSO: hie, 55 g. ire = erence to tbe 5 8 where there was — oss, quicksand, Fadi ig my M all t 3 ss Guia n profit, and. 
drainage Ta a — See s bed the deep system. | unequal bottom; and he preferred the size of the 2-inch pipe | be widel y dif armer whero yof bis o fraternit 
The ppe Siegen very variable—muirband, till, or | or tile for the ordinary drain, as, slr a e — — 4 tile shag il bimee Bie e Ds cure it. 
fields erg M om ps a all rapidly interc — some pip might tbe large enough to con all t pigs of the right © mi bie must 
— 2 po 3 a loamy substratu as in avery apt ide thing, a little “trou 
-$ e natural obstacles l of easy outfalls, In every field of air to pass along the drain, as the perine tue Ie aff ra ed x better see ae e, pig a ald never 
ny inaccura publications 
depth of drain — for wih tite t tenant was 4 feet, sand In laying t hem. In offering t hese r remarks he m 1 tomate of fa aera in this or any otber coun 
36 fee 
€ In some particular * on 8 in 
= er hand, a stratum of what is called ‘‘ drainin pion and had 
found, and in such the drains were fovea om ad ‘eso bc onan 
ce i — 
— N r oa A diminution of depth lockhart, ald That, not having h e pegs eh N 
generally involv distanee, and a a consequent addi- | the lands on which Mr. Simson’ a operations h 
ad considerable o 
varieties 
0 d m 
b 
nowledge he t les 3 can be borne out 
saits, ledge, ld 960 be eg banda ned, He would, of his 
rds, before sitting down, give 5 
te 7 
ence in drains, Since he 5538 in draining 
ution, 
| others. He generally 
of his own capital from 30001. 
took the 
