BORDERING ON MILLE LACS AND RUM RIVER. 331 
is about two miles long, and three-quarters of a mile wide. The shores are low, 
and covered with oak, and some birch and pine. On the east side, some of the 
pines are first-rate in size and quality. 
About ten miles below this lake, following the meanders of the river, and pro- 
bably five in a direct line, is an exposure of five feet of syenitic granite (No. 575), 
which soon gives place to hornblende rock (No. 574); and one hundred and fifty 
yards lower down the river, is a quartzose gneiss (No. 575), associated with gra- 
nite (No. 576). These last rocks are traversed by granitic veins (No. 577). At 
this last place is a rapid, which is called by the Indians Ka-ka-bi-kause, or “ Little 
Falls,” although the highest ledge of rock crossing the river is only one foot per- 
pendicular. The bearing, as nearly as could be ascertained, is northeast and 
southwest. The rock is exposed for a hundred and fifty yards in the course of the 
stream, which is about forty feet wide, and when we descended it, only six or eight 
inches deep. About five hundred yards below this place is an exposure of green- 
stone (No. 578). Below this the river makes a considerable bend to the east, and 
in the next five miles, following its course, which is very crooked, are four other 
exposures of rock. The first one, a quartzose granite (No. 579), is three miles 
below the greenstone ; the second one, two miles lower down the stream, is syenitic 
granite (No. 580) ; the third may be set down as a hornblende rock (No. 581), and 
occurs one mile below the second, or No. 580; and the fourth and last exposure on 
Rum River, is syenite (No. 582), associated with a rock composed of quartz and 
felspar (No. 583) in large veins. These rocks continued southwesterly in the 
line of bearing, and strike the Mississippi between the mouths of Platte and Sauk 
Rivers, where their associations and lithological characters are the same as on 
Rum River. 
Below Ka-ka-bi-kause, on both sides of the river, for the distance of ten or twelve 
miles, the country is timbered with first-rate pme, mingled with large maple, oak, 
and ash, with a smaller growth of birch, aspen, and spruce. Between the ridges 
are narrow cranberry swamps and wet meadows. The drift-banks come up to the 
river, and are from thirty to forty feet high. Lower down, the country becomes 
more rolling, and the river-banks have a long slope back to the general level, which 
is from fifty to sixty feet above the water. The higher lands are still timbered 
with large pines, and the woods named above. 
Continuing to descend, the pine begins to fail in quantity and quality, and large 
tamerack swamps are found between the ridges; while the river-bottoms increase 
in width, and are covered with oak, soft maple, elm, ash, willow, and alder. The 
undergrowth is very thick, and consists of hazel, prickly ash, chokeberry, rose 
bushes, gooseberry-bushes, and high-bush cranberry. The pines are now thitily 
scattered along the crests of the ridges, and are small and knotty. Clay-beds are 
frequently exposed, from five to six feet in thickness, overlaid by ten or twelve 
feet of sand, with boulders in it. The large boulder-drift is five or six feet below 
the soil, and underlaid by beds of sand and pebbles. The river is now much ob- 
structed by drift wood, forming rafts, and becomes narrower and deeper. The 
banks are from six to twenty feet high, the general level being from twenty to 
