354 SYSTEMS OF VALLEYS 
permit. Thus: from the Valley of Chippewa River, at the mouth of the Mani- 
dowish, to that of the Upper St. Croix, in a direct line, and at right angles to the 
course of the valleys, is about sixty miles; and from the Valley of the St. Croix to 
that in which the Mississippi flows, between the outlet of Sandy Lake and the 
mouth of Crow Wing River, in the same direction across the strike of the valleys, 
is about sixty-two miles; and from this portion of the Valley of the Mississippi to 
the next parallel valley—the one in which Leech Lake is situated—is about fifty 
miles; and from the Valley of Leech Lake, to the next great parallel valley north- 
west of it—the one in which Red Lake lies—is about sixty-eight miles; showing a 
remarkable degree of uniformity in the undulations of the crust of the earth through- 
out a very extensive region of country. These valleys, together with others to be 
mentioned, may be traced by the courses of their streams for great distances, and, 
when taken in connexion with the shores of Lake Superior, for several hundred 
miles. : 
There are three great systems of valleys in the Northwest, besides numerous 
subordinate ones; the valleys of each system preserving a very uniform degree of 
parallelism with one another, and with the smaller valleys between the anticlinal 
axes. 
The first system includes the Valley of the Chippewa, throughout nearly the 
whole course of the river; the Valley of St. Croix River, from its source to the 
mouth of Crow Wing River; the Valley of the Mississippi, from the outlet of 
Sandy Lake to Crow Wing; the Valley of Minnesota River, from its mouth to the 
mouth of Lesueur River; the west end of Lake Superior, from Fond du Lac Su- 
périeure to the mouth of Pigeon River, and as far as Thunder Cape; and, north- 
west of the Lake, the Valleys of Cloquet and Big Whiteface Rivers; that of St. 
Louis River, from its source to the mouths of the Two Rivers; and of Upper Em- 
barras River, from its source to Ininiwishtigonon Lake. The valleys of all these 
streams run northeast and southwest. 
To these may be added, the Valleys of Illinois River, from near Hennepin to 
Naples; of Rock River, from its source to Grand Rapids; of Wisconsin River, from 
Winnebago Portage to its mouth; of Kaskaskia River, from its source to Athens; 
of the Ohio River, from Beaver to the mouth of Big Sandy River, and from Law- 
renceburgh to Cairo; of the Mississippi, from Beaver Island to Muscatine, and from 
the mouth of the Missouri to Herculaneum; and of the Wabash, from its source to 
Westport. 
The valleys included in the second system aré at right angles to the first.. Among 
them may be mentioned those of St. Louis River, from Knife Portage to the mouth 
of East Savannah River; of the Mississippi, from the mouth of Swan River to Lake 
Winibigoshish ; from the mouth of Clear-Water River to the mouth of Prairie A la 
Crosse River; and from Hannibal to the mouth of the Missouri; of the Des Moines, 
throughout nearly its whole course; of Minnesota River, from its source to the 
mouth of Lesueur River; of Crow Wing River; of large portions of Snake and 
Kettle Rivers; of large portions of Big Fork and Little Fork Rivers, and nearly 
the whole of Vermilion River; and of Pigeon River, and the chains of lakes which 
