PROCEEDINGS OF THE CANADIAN INSTITUTE. 87 



iu certiiin fields for the Survey as he did some years ago. If we could l)ut feel that 

 as the field workers bring in material it would be studied at an early date by the 

 palseontologists of the Survey, so far as it might come in the line of their studies 

 and that the rest of the material would be submitted to other jialieontologi^ts, who 

 are experts in the particular subjects, a new day would dawn for us, but without 

 money this is impossible. I have not alluded to the {^articular exi)lorations of 

 those who worked in the field under the directorship of Dr. Selwyn and of his suc- 

 cessor, Dr. Dawson, and of their fellow-workers in the laboratory and study. It 

 would be impossible to mention the names of all or to make a selection, but we can 

 Avell aflTord to thank the few who are left in the field, Messrs. McConnell, Bell 

 Ells, Fletcher, Low, Macoun, and others, for their devotion. 



In 1867, the year in which the Dominion Government took charge of our 

 survey, the United States inaugurated the first regular survey under the Depart- 

 ment of the Interior. It was called the "Geological and Geographical Survey of 

 the Territories," and was under the charge of Dr. F. V. Hayden, until it was .super- 

 seded in 1880 by what is called the "United States Geological Survey." A 

 comparison of the publications of these two surveys alone with those of Canada 

 during the same period, would be unfair to the United States, because we thus 

 overlook the publications of the Smithsonian Institution, the United States National 

 Museum, and other departments at Washington, but the result is overwhelming 

 enough. We must also bear steadily in mind the fact that while these publications 

 were being produced, twenty-five or thirty States were also actively at work, while 

 the Provinces of Canada were doing practically nothing. During Hayden 's 

 Survey, 1867-1879, annual reports were issued somewhat similar to ours in size and 

 character, but there were also five volumes of bulletins, containing upwards of 

 150 papers, thirteen miscellaneous, and fifteen unclassified publications, about 

 seventy-five maps, and thirteen final reports or monographs. The monographs 

 were splendid quartos, liberally supplied with plates and other illustrations, and 

 illustrating and describing vertebrate and invertebrate fossils, including fossil 

 insects, also fossil flora, and existing forms of rodents, acridiaus, rhizopods, etc., 

 all from the far West. The present survey has published nineteen annual re])orts. 

 The last report will include, apparently, six parts, and some of the parts cover two 

 volumes. I wish it were possible to explain here the scope of this one annual 

 report. Of bulletins about 150 had been published down to 1897, and of papers on 

 water supply and irrigation, ten. Of monographs, of the same character as those 

 under Hayden' s Survey, thirty-four. Of maps, statistical papers, etc., there has 

 been also a liberal supply. 



The operations of our Survey for the year ending June 30th, 1897, cost 

 $117,000. For the nearest year iu the United States the cost was $1,034,000. Our 

 usual basis of comparison is population, and measured thus we spend the mo.st, but 

 clearly, that is not the measure for this particular item of national expense. The 

 real basis of comparison between the United States and Canada of expenditure for 

 survey and topographic purposes, should be the respective areas of unexplored or 

 insufficiently explored territory. Judged thus, Canada should be spending much 

 more than the United States, and we must not forget that in comparing the 

 $117,000 spent by Canada with the $1,034,000 spent by the Federal Government of 

 the United States, we leave out the large expenditure by the various States 

 carrying on surveys on their own account. I am quite sure tliat on mere topo- 

 graphic work we should spend more than the United States, but I am aware that 

 we think at all events that we cannot afford to spend so much, and I would not 

 spoil a good cause by asking for what will certainly not be granted. But looking 

 at matters in the hard light of politics, and gauging the possibilities in Canada by 

 other countries not more able to spend, I am quite sure that at least $250,000 

 annually should be appropriated for our geological and natural history survey. 

 And in addition to this, the Provinces should each spend at lea.st $10,000 annually 

 and carry on their work in concert with the Dominion Survey, so tliat in all 

 respects there would be united effort and no unnecessary duplication of work. 

 Perhaps some of the Maritime Provinces would think $10,000 too high, and a 

 smaller sum might suffice, but for Quebec, Ontario and British Columbia with their 

 vast areas, the sum suggested is very small. That the people would fin<l the 

 expenditure a good investment in dollars and cents I am certain, quite as good an 



