THE RUTHWELL CROSS. 39 
g), as Mr George Benson, of York, first pointed out to me. 
This shaft bears also a saint with a book and other figures 
of animals of imaginary but graceful forms, which seem to be 
a later, but not very much later, development of the beasts of 
Auckland and Croft. This stone, therefore, I should place 
rather late in the 8th century. 
A cross-shaft with similar beasts can be put together from 
fragments at Aldborough Museum and Cundall, as Mr G. W. 
Haswell, of Chester, first observed. The restored part of the 
shaft is 8 feet high; there was at least one panel beneath, and 
the whole makes a very fine monument, though the human 
figures are too defaced to be explained. Among the beasts of 
the graceful Anglian type, monstrosities, but still drawn with 
some notion of animal form, is one reaching down its head 
between its forepaws to bite at berries. Later on, we find at 
Collingham a stone (Fig. 26) with a beast in the same attitude, 
but drawn in a style and associated with ornament of the oth 
century; it is a survival of this Aldborough motive, because 
the meaning of the action is lost—the beast at Collingham has 
no berries to bite. The Aldborough shaft is therefore earlier, 
and no doubt of the 8th century, but late in that century, by 
the loose design of the plaits. The ‘‘ impost capitals ’’ of the 
architecture to the figure-panels are in the shape of which 
Rivoira (Lomb. Arch., passim) gives examples of the 5th and 
6th centuries ranging from Jerusalem to Grenoble; the fashion 
seems to have died out during the period in which Anglian 
crosses were made; and the appearance of these 
capitals ’’ on a cross adds a reason for dating it to the Anglian 
age. 
To take another line of evidence. The Ormside Cup in 
the York Museum bears on its sides (Fig. 11) bird-scrolls like 
those of Croft and other Anglian crosses. The base (Fig. 12) 
has been roughly patched; but the rim has been carefully 
repaired, after damage, with work which Mr E. Thurlow 
Leeds, F.S.A., of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, has shown 
to be of the period about goo a.p. (Liverpool Annals of 
Archeol., March, 1911). This means that it was old by that 
time, and consequently a work of the Anglian age. Its pat- 
terns, seen on crosses, fix them to that period. The bosses and 
ae 
impost 
