ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 19 
spider is of normal design and perfect construction. Destroy 
it, and the creature will execute another of exactly the same 
design, no better and no worse adapted for the capture of 
passing flies. 
Very different is human performance directed by personal 
intelligence. Suppose that the child of a herring fisher or 
a rabbit-catcher had been left an orphan at five years old and 
removed from the scene of his father’s industry to the care 
of some relatives in Glasgow. Circumstances prevail to bring 
him back to his birthplace as a young man and to make it 
expedient that he should earn a living by the same industry 
as his father did. Motor or functional co-ordination will not 
help him much, for he can neither swim like a herring nor 
burrow like a rabbit. He sets his intelligence to work, seek- 
ing instruction from adepts in the craft, and then he must 
obtain suitable apparatus which he could not himself con- 
struct, in the use of which he will certainly be very unskilful 
at first. Even so, he has to avail himself of the example of 
contemporary fishers and trappers, who are themselves in- 
debted for success to the accumulated experience and pro- 
gressive inventions of by-gone generations. But the net 
spread yesterday on your rosebush by Epeira is of precisely 
the same design as those which her ancestors suspended in 
the primeval forest when our ancestors were spearing salmon 
with bone harpoons and shooting deer with flint-tipped 
arrows. 
The instinctively functional habits of those strange gal- 
linaceous fowls, the Megapodida—the mound-birds or brush- 
turkeys of Australasia—are so complex as to seem necessarily 
to imply intelligence putting experience to practical use. 
Primarily, no doubt, their domestic economy may be due to 
the functional activity of certain highly specialised organs, 
but they have anticipated human ingenuity by the construction 
of vast incubators, those of some species being co-operative. 
Several hens of the Australian Megapodius tumulus combine 
to form a mound of earth and green foliage, which they 
scrape together with their huge feet, walking backwards 
through the forest and kicking the stuff behind them. It is 
recorded that one such mound measured rs0 feet in circum- 
