14 ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. 
upon all the fishes of the sea;’’ and this, in truth, has come 
to pass. Nevertheless, judging from Mr Lloyd Morgan’s 
observations of the chicks of domestic fowls, wild ducks, 
pheasants, partridges, moorhens, and plovers reared in an 
incubator, the dread of man, as such, is neither innate nor 
congenital in highly organised animals. Neither does it pre- 
cede man into parts of the earth whither he has not previously 
penetrated, witness the confidence, sadly misplaced as a rule, 
shown in him by penguins and other birds in polar regions. 
until they got to know him better. 
In weak species, however, the instinct of concealment 
does seem to be inborn and congenital, for Mr W. H. 
Hudson has recorded that, when he had the egg of a jacana 
(Parra jacana) in the palm of his hand, “ all at once the 
cracked shell parted, and at the same moment the young bird 
leaped from my hand and fell into the water. . . . I 
soon saw that my assistance was not required, for, immedi- 
ately on dropping into the water, it . . . swam rapidly 
to a small mound, and, escaping from the water, concealed 
itself in the grass, lying close and perfectly motionless, like 
a young plover.’’§ 
Mr Lloyd Morgan could detect little sign of shrinking 
from his hand in plovers newly hatched in an incubator, 
although ‘“‘ they lay in the drawer with bill on the ground 
and outstretched neck in a well-known protective attitude.’’ 
Other birds evinced some instinctive shrinking at first, which 
passed away almost immediately, so that all the species 
‘“ would run to my hands after a very short time, nestle down 
between them, and poke out their little heads confidingly 
between my fingers.’’ 
From this it appears that, while the protective instinct 
is congenital and automatic, the specific dread of man is 
purely imitative or imparted, or both. 
Of all the groups of creatures mentioned in the above- 
quoted text from Genesis, none have more cause to entertain 
dread not only of man, but of all other living creatures more 
powerful than themselves, than fishes. However exhilarat- 
3 The Naturalist in La Plata, page 112. 
