142 Tue Lost STONE OF KIRKMADRINE. 
6th century. . That inscription says that Carausius “‘ lies 
here in this cairn ’’—which justifies the suggestion that the 
Kirkmadrine stones stood in cairns. 
A different form of Chi-Rho in Wales is at Trawsfynydd, 
Merioneth (fig. 2, from Westwood, pl. 77), also a burial in 
a cairn and a similar inscription, with the addition that the 
man was a Christian—‘‘ Pxianus ’’ for ‘‘ Xpianus.’’ 
In the Isle of Man the Chi-Rho is found on a stone at 
Maughold (Kermode, Manx Crosses, pl. x. and Ixvi.), which 
has two monogrammed crosslets (fig. 3) under a circular head. 
But this Maughold stone has lettering of the 8th or gth cen- 
tury, though the form of the monogram is like those of Kirk- 
madrine. It is evident that this form remained in use for a 
long period, and that it is derived from the ‘‘ Carausius ”’ 
form, which in its turn is a simplification of the early mono- 
gram, shown on a medal of Theodosius (about 390) as the 
X and P simply intersecting. 
The lettering of this Kirkmadrine stone is later than that 
of the other Kirkmadrine inscriptions. It seems to have 
minuscule U and M, and the uncial N, somewhat like our 
H, common in the 8th century. The ligatured ET is the 
regular thing in Welsh 5th to 7th or 8th century inscriptions, 
an old tradition common to all the British Church. There- 
fore, perhaps, one might suggest the late 7th century as the 
earliest date of this stone. 
Now, anyone can see what a splendid problem this sets. 
The data are :— 
1. St. Ninian died about 428. 
2. Viventius and Mavorius, late 5th century (by the 
lettering). 
3. Florentius, 6th century (by the lettering). 
4. Initium et finis, late 7th century or early 8th. 
5- Maughold stone—shewing Whithorn influence, 8th 
to gth century; compare also another Maughold stone, 
apparently of the same pericd, with Anglian runes and an 
Anglian name inscribed (Kermode, Manx Crosses, pl. x). 
6. Anglian Bishopric of Whithorn begins about 730 and 
ends about 802. a 3 
