STRATHCLYDE AND GALLOWAY CHARTERS. Lig 
to my first conviction that the opening word is in the first and 
not the third person.? Following a suggestion of the editor 
of the English Historical Review, I had been induced, not 
willingly I admit, to give that up. But all the Anglo-Saxon 
charters which exist and begin in the third person, according 
to the continental form, have the third personal pronoun in 
the opening sentence, not the first, and the much greater 
number, from Cnut’s days to those of William of Normandy, 
which begin with the name and have the first possessive pro- 
noun in the same sentence, imply the name being in the first 
as equivalent to ‘‘ I.’’ One of these! has a Latin copy. The 
Anglo-Saxon runs: “‘ Cnut Kinge cyde ’’—the Latin ‘‘ Ego 
Cnut rex revelo,’’ which fits the case exactly. 
Then as to those to whom the greeting is addressed. 
These greetings in all kindred charters were not addressed to 
the occupants on a separate tenant’s land; they were directed 
to all dwellers in the district or territory where the tenant’s 
land was and were governed by the grantor. I know of no 
exception to this rule. And those concerned in this matter 
were they who dwelt in the part of the Strathclyde kingdom 
named Cumbria or Cumbraland—Strathclyde south of the: 
Solway ; Cumbrians, who had possesed it and were its chief 
population still, with whom the new settlers had become 
immixed. And I take it that the word ‘‘ Combres ’’ is for 
‘*Combraisc,’’ or ‘‘ Combresc ;’’ whether for ‘‘ Commbresc,’”’ 
or ‘‘ Coumbresc,’’ I feel uncertain, but I think the latter has 
something to be said for it, because of the old pronunciation: 
of ou—like it is now in “* youth.’’ This Anglo-Saxon form 
is well known; its use in the word Englisc has come down to 
us as ‘“‘ English,’’ in the south. It became “‘ Inglis ’’ in 
Scotland. I take this as the adjective ‘‘ Combresc ’’ also for 
the additional reason that in the records of these Lake Coun- 
ties the sign of the genitive is usually missed. I should 
3 In this Mr Plummer agrees. 
19 Thorpe’s Diplomatorium Anglicum aevi Saxon, pp. 332-3. 
11 Two of many instances are Emma Nycolwyff and Angneta 
Jaewif in a Cliburn rental of 1390. It does not follow that in the 
original Norse settlement this was so. The names they gave to 
places at the outset as possessions of persons crytallized in use. It 
