238 STRATHCLYDE AND GALLOWAY CHARTERS. 
hardly have expected it so early but that the omission shows 
itself in this very charter twice ‘‘ on Eadread dagan,’’ and 
‘* on Moryn dagan.’ 
The formula ‘‘ on weald on freyd on heynince” ’ should 
correspond as well to later expressions in charters as to those 
of Anglo-Saxon times. In later days it appears in its simplest 
to include land of all 
>”? 
form as ‘‘ in bosco ’’ and ‘‘ in plano, 
descriptions, but with. much addition sometimes, as in 
Huctred’s charter which follows. One of Edward the Con- 
ae 
fessor’s to St. Peter of York has ‘* on wude and on felde, on 
mede and on watere.’’ Another of the same King to St. Peter 
also! has ‘‘ on wude and on felde be strande and be lande on 
” 
straete and of straete and on eallan thingan ’’ where the jingic 
shows that the formula was meant as an easy expression {to 
include all classes. If therefore ‘‘on weald, on freyd and on 
heyninga ’’ is to have the same comprehensiveness, which 
seems to be intended, ‘‘freyd’’ being the ancient word for 
wood, and ‘‘ heyninga ’’ being connected with Old Norse 
ae 
hegna, to hedge, from which comes “‘ to hayn”’ and “‘ hayne.”’ 
an enclosure in MS. Lincoln A, i., 17 (Halliwell, Dictionary of 
Archaic and Provincial Words) and giving the suggestion 
‘“ enclosures *’ for heyninga; there is left to correspond with 
‘weald ’’ the Scandinavian voéllr, and this would include 
uplands, open mountain-sides and their wooded glens; an 
unusual meaning for Anglo-Saxon, but not very different from 
” 
the later term ‘‘ forest ’’ in such districts as Martindale, for 
example. 
Next as to the possibility of distinguishing between the 
peculiarities of the lost original and the alterations which the 
thirteenth century scribe may have made. He would keep to 
the sense so far as he understood it, for the reason already 
given—the validity of the document. Of the two letters which 
did not come into use in Latin words in charters and were 
going out of use in English at that time, he has made mistakes 
in one, not throughout, however—p (w) : the other pb (th) had 
was the after fusion of different tongues which caused this in terms 
in ordinary usage. 
12 Thorpe, Dipl., 368; 414. 
