STRATHCLYDE AND GALLOWAY CHARTERS. 245. 
when the saint to whom the church or monastery was dedi- 
cated is named as the receiver, the dative returns, as in Thorpe, 
368, ‘‘ ic habbe gegyfen Criste & Sancte Petre into West- 
minster.’’? It does this also when the community of the reli- 
gious house is mentioned, as Thorpe, p. 477, ** agefe pam 
hywum,’’ and 579, ‘‘ ic geann p[et] land pam hirede et 
Cristes cyrcean ’’—the family or household. 
These examples are of different ages and from different 
parts of the country, and there are plenty more, and in one 
and the same charter may be found at times instances of the 
different constructions. ‘‘ To hem ”’ then cannot belong to 
gegyfen,’’ but must belong to the words which succeed 
them. And this use of “‘ to ’’ is but an expansion of the way 
in which it is used in ‘‘ to Shauk to Wafyr, to poll Wadoen 
& to bek Troyte,’’ which mark the limits of the district within 
which and towards which the freedom was granted—its boun- 
daries; while “‘ peo weald at Caldebek ’’ was within that 
region, and has the subtle distinction that therefore ‘* to ’’ is 
not affixed to it. Breaking the ‘“‘ grid to hem ”’’ (in regard 
to him) was breaking it in his direction—towards him, in 
regard to him, and is a kindred use of ‘* to.”’ 
The two words by which I supply the omission after 
‘““ gegyfen ’’ are ‘‘ p[zt] he,’’ and take up no space which 
would disturb the line, i.e., they might very easily have been 
left out. ‘‘ Ne ghar brech,’’ as it is, could not have been 
written by one to whom Anglo-Saxon was his native tongue. 
The words evidently take the place of ‘‘ nahwar’’ or 
““ nahwaer brece ”’ (subjunctive) : the ch can hardly be a mis- 
take for the indicative singular ending p in this case. And 
this seems to me to suggest that the writer of the original deed 
was one who was of Keltic or mixed race, and only knew 
Anglo-Saxon (in a dialect) as an acquired tongue. There is 
nothing extraordinary in this in such a district.!” 
‘“ Gyrth,”’ spelt with th instead of d or p, is another 
anomaly. But grid, which it represents, was a Norse word, 
and it is noticeable that all the Norse and some Keltic words. 
SB 
ae 
ce 
17 Though I quote from Thorpe only, I have consulted charters 
in Kemble’s Cod. Dipl., but the quotations from Thorpe seemed 
sufficient. All tell the same tale. 
