i 
STRATHCLYDE AND GALLOWAY CHARTERS. 247 
plural (the clouds or skies), and shows perhaps in the e a 
remnant of an old vowel-change of the plural; and ‘‘ peo y 
must be the indeclinabie ‘‘ 
‘“‘deoronder ’ 
prise. 
The next sentence is characteristically Anglo-Saxon, 
pe,’’ not a feminine demonstrative ; 
’ for ‘‘dewrunder "’ again need excite no sur- 
except for the ** hwylc ’’ having the termination -un, which 
could only be used in a tongue imperfectly acquired. A 
parallel to the phrase is in a charter of Eadward the Confessor, 
Thorpe, 391, ‘‘ and loc hwile bisceop darofer byd pat hit beo 
him under peod '’ (and look each bishop that is over it that he 
have it remain subject to him). 
‘““ Byn par ”’ isso extraordinary that something must have 
been omitted, and the easiest correction and the most natural 
is the insertion of the relative ‘‘ pe’’ (who, which), which also 
would occupy the space apparently left, easily, and allows 
“by,’’ t.e., byn, as in the preceding instances in the charter, 
to be a part of the verb to be all through: 1.e., ‘‘ byn ”’ for 
(Sf ” 
beon, and sets “‘ bydann ’’ right. 
“<Willann ’’ | can take most easily for a personal name 
and not the verb. My reasons are that Willan(n) is known to 
have existed as a family name from at least the fourteenth cen- 
tury to the present day in Westmorland, and there is nothing 
in the earliest records wherein the name occurs to suggest 
that it was then new; and that the ‘‘ swa ’’ fits better thus to 
the general sense.!8 One has to remember that the greeting is 
to his “* kynling & wassenas,’’ and it is somewhat awkward to 
be telling them that they joined him in willing what he alone 
had the right to grant. The consent of the eldest son or heir 
19 Besides which, to have the dative eallun playing the part of 
nominative, even in this charter with its strange hyylkun, would be 
too extraordinary. The name Willan[n], moreover, occurs as a 
surname in Court Rolls of Mauds Meaburn, in the earliest that I 
have seen [of 1340] as Welane, in 1412 and in 1473 as Willane. It 
may be a variant of Weland. It should be remembered that Mauds 
Meaburn was the possession of Maud de Morville, whose husband’s 
family, Veteripont, as well as her own father’s, had much connexion 
with Cumberland. Willan occurs as a surname in Cartmel in 1583, 
and in the Yorkshire border of Westmorland in 1659; also in the 
Kendal Boke off Recorde from 1575, 
