948 STRATHCLYDE AND GALLOWAY CHARTERS. 
was often expressed, but here neither Gospatrik, who suc- 
ceeded to his earldom of Dunbar, nor Dolfin, who succeeded 
to the lordship of Carlisle, is mentioned. Were witnesses in- 
tended thus it would be an isolated example in a charter which 
is of the type of the usual Anglo-Saxon charters of the eleventh 
century. ‘‘ Swa ’’ expresses the amount of freedom granted, 
as enjoyed by himself and those he mentions. 
‘“ Myd bode and wytnesmann ’’—by proclamation and 
the vouching of the official who attested the overlord’s will. 
This very word witenesman is used in Final Concords, 40 
Henry III., Westmorland, for this kind of official appointed 
by the overlord for court baron, and fed at the expense of the 
wider tenant when on service in his locality. 
‘‘ byylk stoy ’’ is for pyylk stow (i.e., stop), and siege 
it is practically an antecedent to which a relative might follow, 
pyylk must have had the same origin as ‘“dyyle ’’ above, 
possibly with a different sound in the first letter. As a word 
it remained till Chaucer’s days. In both these cases the yy 
cannot be an error for wy. 
One practical conclusion from the charter is a fresh colour 
given to the Distributio Cumberlandie (Prescott, Wetherhal, 
384). We learn that though Dolfin may have been expelled 
and Ranulf Meschin have deen put into his place, Ranulf’s 
gift of Allerdale to Waltheoff was only a reinstatement or a 
confirmation of what he must have held under Dolfin, and no 
new first grant. And all through the Distributio we may read 
something the like behind. 
Attempt at producing the charter in more normal form. 
Gospatrik gret ealle mine wassenas & hwilc mann freo & 
drenge pe wunad on eallum pam landum pe waeron Combresc 
& ealle mine kynling freondlyce & ic cyde eow p[zt] min 
unna is & full leaf p [zt] Thorfynn mac Thore beo swa freo on 
eallan pinges pe beop mine on Alnerdall swa xnig mann beo odde 
ic odde znyg mine wassenas on weald on freyd on heyninga & 
zet eallum pingum pe beop on eorpe boenende & derunder, to 
Shauk to Wafyr to poll Wadoen to bek Troyte & pam wealde_ 
wt Caldebek & ic wille p [zt] pa menn pe bidad mid Thorfyna_ 
wt Cardeu & Combedeyfoch beon swa freols myd hiny. was; 
