STRATHCLYDE AND GALLOWAY CHARTERS. 251 
the transition period when the old Keltic?® services to the 
sovereign and the superior lords were being changed into the 
feudal tenure of military service. Skene’s history (Celtic 
Scotland, iii., ch. 6) has much dissertation about what went 
on during this change in Scotland. But it took place not only 
in Scottish but early English tenures, Anglo-Saxon and Anglo- 
Danish; and the analogies between the changes in Galloway 
and in Westmorland and Cumberland are best realised by 
comparing both. 
The old Keltic services were Cain (Chaan) and Conveth, 
Feacht and Sluaged. Cain and Conveth were imposts on 
produce from land, which was grain from arable, and pigs and 
cattle from pasture. Cain was the revenue of the sovereign 
(beyond that, I suppose, from his private demesne) for his 
general support and that of his regal position, his court and 
formal dignity. Conveth was a special application of this in 
addition, namely, supply for the King or his representative in 
the journeys taken from place to place within his dominions to 
hear pleas and give judgments and to carry on administration 
of law. It would now be described as supply for civil service, 
and the amount due from anyone liable to the tax was for 
maintenance and hospitality for the night or nights when the 
King’s administrative court was in the neighbourhood of the 
payer. Like the Cain, it was a current tax, but less in 
amount. The other services, feacht and sluaged, were in 
reality one in two names, the Latin equivalents of which were 
expeditio and exercitus, that is, defence of the realm or the 
King’s service in attack of another sovereign. Put together 
they were called servitium Scotticum. In England they were 
called hosting and expedition. But I think ‘‘ defense ’’ can 
hardly refer to this. 
The change to feudal tenure was to tenure on other terms 
than the payment of Cain and Conveth; namely, to possession 
by duty of military service. In Cumberland and Westmorland 
this was termed cornage, and it carried with it not only 
20 T use the term Keltic as the general term of those races. 
which comprised the Cymry, the Gael, the Breton, and the Erse, 
without necessarily implying that all the usages discussed belonged 
to all alike. 
