252 STRATHCLYDE AND GALLOWAY CHARTERS. 
homage and fealty to each immediate superior by one and 
other up to the chief lord, but a small payment made half- 
yearly in acknowledgment of the superior lord’s right. But 
the old dreng tenures were not all changed to this in these two 
counties; some were carried on as socage tenures, that is, 
hereditary tenures held by payment of true rent, “‘ alba firma,” 
assayed silver. It does not follow that the owners of these 
were not liable to military service, but those owning in corn- 
age held their land on the condition of military service only, 
and, I suppose, paid smaller dues on the strength of that. 
Both tenures were liable to a secondary tax as an intermittent 
demand called subsidy. The earlier English services were 
analogous to the Keltic; namely, the feorm parallel to Cain 
and Conveth, and the fyrd, which was the expedition and 
ae 
hosting. 
In the change to feudal service in Scotland, as I under- 
stand Skene, the transition was intervalled through the stage 
of feodiferma, and the feudal service only reached its climax 
in the times of the Balliols and the Bruces. The transition, 
feodi firma, feu-farm, was practically much the same as the 
socage holding of Westmorland and Cumiberland, a perpetual 
rent for a holding which was heritable, but it was held in 
capite, and certain duties of liability to the expedition and the 
defence of the realm were attached. 
Besides these services and revenues the sovereigns in Eng- 
land, and probably Scotland, had dues from tolls and such 
things as mines and saltworks and heriots and proceeds from 
courts of law and the goods of felons and outlaws, and the 
penalties exacted on a district for ‘‘ murdrum ”’ (homicide and 
blood letting): this last in Keltic seems to have been called 
cro. These dues were supplementary to the expenses of ad- 
ministration and of enforcing the orderliness understood as the 
King’s peace. Whether all these belonged to the purely Gaelic 
part of Scotland I do not know, but Galloway was a borderland 
and coastland possessed by different races and dominations, 
Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-Dane, Norse from Norway probably, and 
the Hebrides and Ireland, and lastly from Normandy, and all 
this admixture with the original Gael was likely to result in 
