1882.] 
DR. GADOW ON THE ANATOMY OF PTEROCLES. 
327 
II. Syrrhaptes paradoxus: \st d. pancreat. inserted near the pylorus 
(fig. 
7). 
2nd d. pancreat., -++d. hepat. +d. cystic. 
inserted opposite the pylorus. 
Total length | Relative | Length of | Distance of 
of gut. length.'|} czcum. |cxca from anus. 
centim. centim, centim. 
Pterocles arenarius ...... 83 7-8 16 15 
——- ——(after Brandt) 80 155&185 12 
Syrrhaptes (after Brandt) 87 a 13 
Perdicula cambayensis ... 38-42 6-7 5 3-4 
Perdix cinerea ............ 75 8 17 6 
Phasianus pictus ......... 106 (as, 10-15 8-12 
swinhoei .........065 106 7 13 7 
Euplocamus prelata...... 122-152 7-75 22 & 23 8-12 
Orax alberti ............00- 222 9 10 & 14 15 
Columba livia ............ 96-125 12-13 | 05-08 4-5 
Calcenas nicobarica ...... 125 10-11 0 
Peristera geoffroii......... 34 4 03 4 
Erythreenas pulcherrima 41 5d 0 
The liver of the Rasores, as well as that of the Columbee, is quite 
different. The left lobe is divided again into two by a deep fissure, 
so that the whole organ might be called trilobed. The right lobe is 
generally the larger; a Spigelian lobe is present in most of these 
birds. The outline of the lower margin varies much in the different 
Fowls and Pigeons. 
The existence of a gall-bladder in the Pterocletes might be looked 
upon as a strong indication of difference between them and the 
Pigeons, as in the Gallinaceous birds this organ as a rule is well 
developed. However, it must not be forgotten that in several typi- 
cal Rasores, as in Huplocamus, Numida, and Penelope, there is 
sometimes scarcely any pouch-like dilatation of the bile-ducts. In 
the Rasores the czeca are, without any exception, very well developed, 
and have mostly an extremely large and wide lumen. The length 
of both the czeca compared with the length of the intestinal tract (from 
pylorus to anus) is in the proportion of 1:7 (Craz), or even 1: 2°2 
(Perdix). In the Pigeons, on the other hand, the czeca are always 
in a rudimentary condition, their sum total being in the proportion of 
1:75 in our domestic Pigeon, and 1: «© in Goura, Calenas, Chalco- 
phaps &c., as they are either completely wanting in most of the 
Columbe, or are only represented by very small, often barely visible, 
vermiform-like appendages. 
It has sometimes been stated that Pigeons have to rank with such 
birds as do possess ceca, because such organs, although very small, 
A my paper in the ‘Jenaische Zeitschrift fir Naturwissenschaft,’ 1879, 
p. 369. 
