70 MR. C. W. ANDREWS ON THE SKULL AND 
The Bones of the Wing. 
The exact length of the wing cannot be determined, owing partly to the incomplete 
state of the humerus and partly to the absence of the phalanges ; but it is certain that, 
in proportion to the bulk of the bird, it had undergone extreme reduction and must 
have been entirely useless for purposes of flight. At the same time the stoutness of 
the bones and the distinctness of the muscle-impressions indicate that it was in some 
way functional, and the presence of a series of tubercles along the posterior border of 
the ulna shows that it was provided with a series of large quill-feathers, the remiges. 
It may have been employed to assist the bird in running, or possibly as a shield, 
somewhat in the same way as the Secretary-bird is said to use its wings, although for 
this latter purpose it would appear to have been too small. 
Of the humerus (Plate XVII. fig. 3) only the distal end is preserved in the type- 
skeleton. Init the radial (7.) and ulnar condyles (u.) are of the ordinary avian form, 
but are less distinctly separated than usual, the intercondylar groove being almost 
obsolete. The surfaces of the condyles are rough, and probably a considerable pad ot 
cartilage intervened between them and the bones of the forearm. ‘The distal border of 
the bone is very oblique, owing to the presence ou the ulnar side of a pointed process 
projecting some distance beyond the ulnar condyle (w.). The anterior face of the bone 
above the condyles is deeply concave, and the portion of the concavity close to the ulnar 
border of the bone contains the well-marked elongated impression of the drachialis 
anticus (b.a.). Posteriorly there is a shallow olecranon fossa. 
The ulna (Plate XVII. fig. 4) is a short, very stout bone ; its shaft is slightly curved 
and triangular in section, the sharpest angle forming its posterior border. At its 
proximal end the impression of the drachialis anticus is not very clearly marked, but 
the surface for the humero-cubital ligament is very distinct. There is a well-developed 
olecranon process (0/.), the end of which bears a rugose surface for the insertion of the 
triceps tendon, and from this a slight ridge runs to another rugosity (for the insertion 
of the long head of the triceps) lying immediately below the edge of the radial 
glenoidal surface. On the postero-internal border, immediately below the articular 
surfaces, is a tuberosity for the insertion of the biceps tendon. The sharp posterior 
border of the bone bears a series of well-marked tubercles, indicating the existence of 
large quill-feathers (secondary remiges) in the wing: there are about seven of these 
tubercles. 
Towards its distal end the shaft loses its triangular form and becomes circular in 
section. 
The distal articular head is large, and on its outer surface there are impressions 
marking the origin of various flexor muscles of the digits, and a groove for the passage 
of tendons. The length of the ulna is approximately 110 mm. 
The radius (Plate XVII. fig. 5) is represented by the proximal end only. 
In the metacarpus (Plate XVII. fig. 6) the proximal articular surface is broad and 
