108 ON CERVUS BELGRANDI FROM EAST ANGLIA. 
Cervus giganteus series. The large size uf the Pakefield specimen and the condition of 
the sutures of the skull preclude the idea that it can be a young form, and there is every 
reason to suppose that the characters shown by it are those of the adult animal. The 
crown has become conspicuously palmated, but the long tines found in C. giganteus are 
at present indicated merely by a slight serration of its distal border. Another point 
which seems to me to deserve special notice is the direction of the vascular grooves on 
the beam of the antler. In the Forest-Bed specimens these run in an accurately longi- 
tudinal course up the posterior and ventral surface of the beam, while in the Irish Deer, 
as well as in the specimens of C. giganteus from the Barrington gravel, the grooves have 
an elongated spiral course. This may indicate a torsion of the whole antler. It is a 
noteworthy fact that the palmated crown of the Irish Deer is much more horizontally 
placed than that of C. belgrandi, in which the direction is very oblique, the dorsal 
surface looking somewhat backwards. If the anterior edge of the crown in C. belgrandi 
were depressed by the torsion of the beam, so as to bring the palmation into a 
horizontal position, this new position would not only agree with that found in the Irish 
Deer, but it would result in a torsion of the vascular grooves, which would thereupon 
assume the spiral course characteristic of the latter. C. dama agrees with the Irish 
Deer in this respect. Although the brow-tine of the Irish Deer may have the same 
curvature at its base as that in C. belgrandi, it comes off immediately above the burr 
and from the extreme front edge of the beam. ‘The second tine of the Irish Deer is 
more nearly opposite the back-tine than in C. belgrandi, and the palmation often 
begins soon enough to include it, instead of commencing aboye the back-tine, as in 
that species. 
The geological occurrence of C. belgrandi agrees well with the conclusion above 
indicated. Its occurrence in the Forest-Bed is itself an evidence of its relative 
antiquity, while the existence of the species in the Red Crag (Boyd Dawkins) carries 
this form further back than any of the other races of Giant Deer. 
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII. 
1 
Fig. 1. Cervus belgrandi.—Skull and antlers, from behind. X 7. The specimen was 
obtained at Pakefield, near Lowestoft. a, burr; 0, first tine; d,d', back-tine. 
The tines ¢c, which are not visible in this position, come off from the front 
edge of the beam, midway between 6 and d. 
. View of the same specimen from the right side. The figure having been drawn 
from a photograph, the parts of the right antler appear much larger than 
they really are. 3, first tine; ¢, second tine; d, d’, back-tine. 
Fig. 3. Atlas vertebra of the same specimen, from the ventral side. The end of the 
right transverse process is partially obscured by the matrix. 
Fig. 4. Axis vertebra of the same specimen, from the right side. ‘The end of the neural 
spine is partially obscured by the matrix. 
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