TRANSFORMATIONS OF SOME SOUTH-AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. 301 
which the Y-shaped tentacular process is situated. The transverse black streaks on 
the 2nd and 5rd segments have a line of ferruginous ocellate spots variegated with 
light blue and yellow. The black diagonal streaks on 7th, 8th, and 9th segments are 
mottled with rather indistinct purple ocellate markings, and edged outwardly with 
fine lines of pale yellow. There are also short diagonal streak-like spots on the 9th 
and 12th segments just above the white spiracular line. Two yellow tubercles over 
the anal extremity. 
The pupa also varies in colour according to its surroundings: the most common 
form is light green, paling to two yellow subdorsal streaks; head and cephalic 
prominences (which are well-marked) brown, as is also the thoracic prominence 
posteriorly, from which a broad brown streak extends almost to the anal extremity. 
Several dark green and brown spots on the segments. 
I first bred this larva at Ladysmith, in the high level zone, in April 1898, on a plant 
named Clausena inequalis; the larve began pupating on the 7th April, and the first 
imago emerged on 12th October, 1898. I noticed that these specimens were smaller 
than those which I subsequently reared on lemon-leaves at Maritzburg in December 
and January following ; these individuals only averaged a fortnight in the pupal stage. 
This is the commonest and most widely distributed Papilio in S. Africa. 
18. Papitio Nireus (Cramer). (Plate XLVI. figs. 41-44, larva; fig. 45, head of 
larva with tentacles.) 
Larva. 1st stage. Ground-colour black, paling to greenish on the sides, the under 
surface, thoracic legs, and claspers being greenish yellow; head, thoracic, 10th, 11th, 
and 12th segments surmounted by orange-coloured tubercles in pairs ; the pairs on the 
three thoracic segments being joined by transverse orange lines bearing two to three 
tubercles each, smaller than those at the extremities. 7th, 8th, and 9th segments 
ferruginous ; 5th, 6th, and 10th segments black superiorly with white sides. In this 
stage the larva somewhat resembles that of P. demodocus. In some individuals the 
black markings are replaced by very dark green. 
2nd stage. Ground-colour grass-green superiorly, under surface greyish white. No 
ferruginous markings on 7th, 8th, and 9th segments, and no lateral white spots on 
oth, 6th, and 10th segments, these being replaced by a pale lemon-coloured lateral 
streak. ‘The tubercles, which have become light lemon-coloured, are confined to the 
thoracic and 12th segmeuts. 
3rd stage (final). Ground-colour generally dark green, but, like P. demodocus, varying 
according to the colour of the leaves of the food-plant. A wide pale greenish-blue 
oval area with a thin whitish line across its centre, on the summit of the 3rd and 4th 
segments, bounded anteriorly and posteriorly by a transverse line of ocellate spots :— 
the anterior series outlined in black on an ochreous transverse band, the ocelli at the 
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