EXPRESSION BV MEASUREMENTS. 271 



typical American head might possibly help him in this minuter classi- 

 fication ; but he would be in little danger of mistaking the head of the 

 Indian for that of his European supplanter. 



In the same old cemetery, whether north or south, the ethnologist 

 would not fail to recognize among his collection of crania a type con- 

 trasting in many respects most strikingly with the previous one. The 

 face is indeed broad, by reason of the large malar bones and zygomata; 

 but the forehead is narrow and retreating, the nasal bones are small, 

 the profile markedly prognathous, and the brain-case long and narrow, 

 with prominent occiput. It tells of the Negro from Western Africa : 

 Mandingo, Fanti, Yarrlba, Fulah, or the like, intruded on the areas of 

 extinct Indian tribes, found intractable alike by Spanish and English 

 colonists in the enforced servitude of the plantations. 



Alongside of those lie, in certain localities, on the St. Lawrence, the 

 Penobscot, and other rivers, a peculiar type, or types of head-form, 

 divisible into a long ovoid, and a short, globular one : ascribed, after 

 careful study, on the one hand to the Breton colonist, and on the other 

 to the Franco-Norman, by whom at difi'erent periods French colonisation 

 was effected in Lower Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Maine. 



To the south of those localities, on the Hudson and the Delaware, 

 another short oval or rounded form tells of old and later emigrants from 

 the upper and lower Rhine; but with them, in ever preponderating 

 numbers, occurs a long oval form, divisible into two classes, the one 

 more uniform, the other with the frontal region longer and narrower: 

 traceable to the Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Celtic colonists who are making 

 a new England and a new Britain of the Western Hemisphere. 



Nor will the observant craniologist fail to recognise among his col- 

 lected crania suggestive traces of hybridity. The native American type, 

 with its characteristic features modified, tells by means of its longer 

 form, less massive jaws, and slighter superciliary ridges, of the adopted 

 half-breed, dwelling on terms of equality with the supplanters of his 

 aboriginal ancestry; or the softened traits of the long, prognathous negro 

 skull — far more abundant than the pure type-form, — show that no 

 prejudice of race prevented the multiplication of a breed of slaves 

 partaking no less of the blood of the dominant white than of the negro 

 bondsman. 



Some localities are still purely French, or German; others are the 

 reserves of civilised Indians, or plantations tilled exclusively by those 

 of African descent; and in all of them the local cemetery tells the 



