EXPRESSION BY MEASUREMENTS. 297 



Saxon or Danish, still a general approximation to the native type-form, 

 and its frequent reappearance in full development, are to be looked 

 for." When specially discussing the cranial characteristic of the British 

 and Gaulish Celt, {Canadian Journal, Vol. IX., p. 401, 1864), "that 

 the Teutonic skull was short,'' is asserted, when discussing the very 

 question of that Teutonic element affecting the native Celtic" one; and, 

 •what is meant by "Celtic" and Teutonic or '' Germanic," is thus de- 

 fined : " Of the Germanic elements the Saxon is exclusively English ; 

 the Anglian, and apparently the Frisian, Scottish. Of the Scandina- 

 vian elements, the Danish predominates in England, the Norwegian in 

 Scotland ; and the latter was very slightly affected by any Norman 

 element." Bearing this in view, the proposition of determining the 

 Celtic element by comparison of the modern head-form and the diverse 

 types traceable to the various native and immigrant races, is thus tested 

 in relation to the Teutonic skull : " Taking the known elements as 

 our guide : if all but the Celtic form can be determined, there can be 

 no insurmountable difficulty in ascertaining its type. Assuming the 

 modern German head as a key to the influences of Frank and other 

 Germanic intermixture, it is decidedly shorter and more globular than 

 the Anglo-Saxon head." The very latest of those results, let it be 

 observed, were published in 1864; and cannot therefore be properly 

 said to confirm others which did not make their appearance till 1866; 

 though they are undoubtedly confirmed by them. 



Without, therefore, doubting in any degree Mr. Luke Owen Pike's 

 statement in court, that " he had devoted much labour, time and expense 

 in collecting evidence for his argument from physical characteristics, 

 which, whatever might be its value, he believed to be original ;" we 

 may be permitted also to lay claim to the devotion of much labour, 

 time and expense, with ends in view, in many respects similar ; and to 

 priority in the publication of results, in so far as they approximate to 

 one another. 



The forms of head characteristic of diverse races present at successive 

 eras in Britain, long constituted a favourite subject of research with 

 me, as one means calculated to throw light on periods anterior to writ- 

 ten history. The earliest results of such investigations were brought 

 under the notice of the British Association for the Advancement of 

 Science, in 1850, in a communication entitled an " Inquiry into the 

 evidence of the existence of Primitive Races in Scotland prior to the 

 Celtas." In this I, for the first time, asserted the existence of an early 

 3 



